The architecture enhancements for UAVs introduce the following functionalities:

• Authentication and authorization of a UAV with the USS during 5GS registration (optional).
• Authentication and authorization of a UAV with the USS during PDU session establishment and PDN connection establishment.
• Support for USS authorization of C2 Communication.
• A reference model for UAV tracking, supporting three UAV tracking modes: UAV location reporting mode, UAV presence monitoring mode, and list of Aerial UEs in a geographic area. The 3GPP system supports geofencing (for in-flight UAV) and geocaging (for UAV on the ground intending to fly) functionality in USS by providing enablers such as location services, event notification to a subscribing USS, etc.
• Support for Broadcast Remote ID using MBS.
• Support for Direct C2 Communication.
• Support for Detect and Avoid mechanisms based on PC5 reference point.
• Support for Broadcast Remote ID using PC5 reference point.