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| 0 | Introduction p. 7
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| 1 | Scope p. 8
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| 2 | References p. 8
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| 3 | Definitions, symbols and abbreviations p. 10
| 3.1 | Definitions p. 10
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| 3.2 | Symbols p. 10
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| 3.3 | Abbreviations p. 11
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| 4 | Deployment scenarios for aerial vehicles p. 11
| 4.1 | Deployment scenarios and assumptions p. 11
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| 4.2 | Channel model p. 11
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| 5 | Performance requirements and metrics p. 11
| 5.1 | Performance requirements p. 11
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| 5.2 | Key performance indicator p. 11
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| 6 | Identified problem p. 12
| 6.1 | General observations on UL/DL interference problem involving aerial UEs p. 12
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| 6.2 | Downlink interference on aerial UEs p. 13
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| 6.3 | Uplink interference caused by aerial UEs p. 13
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| 7 | Potential enhancements for supporting aerial vehicles p. 14
| 7.1 | Potential enhancements for interference detection p. 14
| 7.1.1 | General p. 14
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| 7.1.2 | UE-based solutions p. 14
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| 7.1.3 | Network-based solutions p. 14
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| 7.2 | Potential enhancements for downlink interference mitigation p. 14
| 7.2.1 | General p. 14
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| 7.2.2 | FD-MIMO p. 15
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| 7.2.3 | Directional antenna at aerial UEs p. 15
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| 7.2.4 | Receive beamforming at aerial UEs p. 15
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| 7.2.5 | Intra-site JT CoMP p. 15
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| 7.2.6 | Coverage Extension p. 16
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| 7.2.7 | Coordinated data and control transmission p. 16
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| 7.3 | Potential enhancements for uplink interference mitigation p. 16
| 7.3.1 | General p. 16
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| 7.3.2 | Power control-based mechanisms p. 16
| 7.3.2.1 | UE specific fractional pathloss compensation factor p. 16
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| 7.3.2.2 | UE specific P0 parameter p. 17
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| 7.3.2.3 | Closed loop power control p. 17
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| 7.3.3 | FD-MIMO p. 17
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| 7.3.4 | Directional antennas at UE p. 17
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| 7.4 | Potential enhancements for mobility performance p. 18
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| 7.5 | Potential enhancements for aerial UE Identification p. 18
| 7.5.1 | Airborne UE Identification p. 18
| 7.5.1.1 | UE-based solutions p. 18
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| 7.5.1.2 | Network-based solutions p. 18
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| 7.5.2 | Aerial UE Identification based on certification/license p. 18
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| 8 | Conclusions p. 19
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| A | Evaluation assumptions p. 21
| A.1 | System Level Evaluation p. 21
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| A.2 | Mobility Evaluation p. 23
| A.2.1 | Mobility Parameters p. 23
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| A.2.2 | UE Placement and Trajectories p. 24
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| A.2.3 | LOS/NLOS modelling p. 25
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| A.2.4 | Time varying shadow fading p. 25
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| B | Channel modelling details p. 25
| B.1 | Fast fading models for Aerial UEs p. 28
| B.1.1 | Alternative 1 p. 28
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| B.1.2 | Alternative 2 p. 30
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| B.1.3 | Alternative 3 p. 31
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| C | Calibration results and RSRP Statistics p. 31
| C.1 | Calibration results p. 31
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| C.2 | Five percentile geometry results p. 33
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| C.3 | RSRP statistics for interference detection p. 34
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| D | Evaluation results with baseline assumptions p. 35
| D.1 | DL throughput results with baseline assumptions p. 35
| D.1.1 | Throughput results for terrestrial UEs p. 35
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| D.1.2 | Throughput results for aerial UEs p. 38
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| D.1.3 | Throughput results for all UEs p. 41
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| D.2 | UL throughput results with baseline assumptions p. 42
| D.2.1 | Throughput results for terrestrial UEs p. 42
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| D.2.2 | Throughput results for aerial UEs p. 47
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| D.2.3 | Throughput results for all UEs p. 51
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| D.3 | UL IoT results with baseline assumptions p. 54
| D.3.1 | IoT results for terrestrial UEs p. 54
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| D.3.2 | IoT results for aerial UEs p. 56
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| E | Evaluation results with potential enhancements in Downlink p. 58
| E.1 | Evaluation results for FD-MIMO p. 58
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| E.2 | Evaluation results for directional antenna at aerial UEs p. 60
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| E.3 | Evaluation results for receive beamforming at aerial UEs p. 64
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| E.4 | Evaluation results for intra-site JT CoMP p. 66
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| E.5 | Evaluation results for Coverage Extension p. 67
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| E.6 | Evaluation results for coordinated data and control transmission p. 68
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| F | Evaluation results with potential enhancements in Uplink p. 70
| F.1 | Evaluation results for power control based mechanisms p. 70
| F.1.1 | Results on UE specific fractional pathloss compensation factor p. 70
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| F.1.2 | Results on UE specific P0 parameter p. 73
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| F.1.3 | Results on closed loop power control p. 80
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| F.2 | Evaluation results for FD-MIMO p. 81
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| F.3 | Evaluation results for directional antennas at UE p. 83
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| G | Evaluation results on reliability p. 87
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| H | Field Trials Results on Mobility p. 97
| H.1 | Field Trial 1 [20] p. 97
| H.1.1 | Setup p. 97
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| H.1.2 | Number of detected cells p. 98
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| H.1.3 | Distance to detected and serving cells p. 99
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| H.1.4 | Handover interruption time p. 99
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| H.2 | Field Trial 2 [21] p. 100
| H.2.1 | Setup p. 100
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| H.2.2 | Vertical hovering and corresponding PCI changes in rural area p. 100
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| H.2.3 | Vertical hovering and corresponding PCI changes in suburban area p. 101
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| H.3 | Field Trial 3 [22 and 45] p. 102
| H.3.1 | Setup p. 102
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| H.3.2 | Number of detected cell and cell changes p. 103
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| H.3.3 | Distance to serving cell and neighbor cells statistics p. 106
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| H.4 | Field Trial 4 [56] p. 107
| H.4.1 | Setup p. 107
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| H.4.2 | Number of detected cells for UMa scenario p. 107
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| H.4.3 | Distance to serving cell p. 108
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| H.4.4 | Average SNR values and PCI change p. 108
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| H.5 | Field Trial 5 [19] p. 108
| H.5.1 | Setup p. 108
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| H.5.2 | Number of handover success/ Failure p. 109
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| H.5.3 | Number of detected neighbour cells and PCI changes p. 109
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| H.6 | Field Trial 6 [46] p. 110
| H.6.1 | Setup p. 110
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| H.6.2 | Number of detected cells statistics p. 111
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| H.7 | Field Trial 7 [25, 47] p. 111
| H.7.1 | Setup p. 111
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| H.7.2 | Number of detected cells statistics p. 113
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| H.7.3 | Distance to serving and neighbor cells statistics p. 113
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| H.7.4 | Number of PCI changes p. 115
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| H.7.5 | Number of radio link failures p. 116
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| H.8 | Observations from field trials on mobility p. 116
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| I | Field Trials Results on RSRP/RSRQ and other measurements p. 117
| I.1 | Field Trial 1 [20 and 48] p. 117
| I.1.1 | Setup p. 117
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| I.1.2 | RSRP/RSRQ distribution for serving cell p. 117
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| I.1.3 | Distribution of uplink transmit power p. 118
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| I.2 | Field Trial 2 [21] p. 118
| I.2.1 | Setup p. 118
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| I.2.2 | RSRP, RSRQ and SINR characteristics in rural area p. 118
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| I.2.3 | RSRP, RSRQ and SINR characteristics in suburban area p. 119
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| I.3 | Field Trial 3 [22-24 and 45] p. 120
| I.3.1 | Setup p. 120
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| I.3.2 | RSSI vs ΔRSRP p. 120
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| I.3.3 | RSRP statistics p. 122
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| I.3.4 | RSRQ statistics p. 123
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| I.3.5 | RSSI statistics p. 124
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| I.3.6 | RSRP gap statistics p. 125
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| I.4 | Field Trial 4 [56 and 44] p. 126
| I.4.1 | Setup p. 126
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| I.4.2 | RSRP characteristics p. 126
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| I.4.3 | RS-SINR characteristics p. 126
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| I.4.4 | PDCCH block error rate characteristics p. 127
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| I.4.5 | Uplink data rate characteristics p. 127
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| I.5 | Field Trial 5 [46] p. 128
| I.5.1 | Setup p. 128
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| I.5.2 | RSRP gap characteristics p. 128
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| I.6 | Field Trial 6 [47] p. 128
| I.6.1 | Setup p. 128
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| I.6.2 | Serving cell RSRP and RSRQ characteristics p. 129
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| I.6.3 | Neighbor cell RSRP and RSRQ characteristics p. 130
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| I.6.4 | RSRP gap characteristics p. 131
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| I.6.5 | RSSI characteristics p. 132
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| I.7 | Observations from field trials on RSRP/RSRQ and other measurements p. 132
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| J | Evaluation Results on Mobility p. 132
| J.1 | Mobility Simulation p. 132
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| J.2 | Simulation results for UMa p. 133
| J.2.1 | Introduction p. 133
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| J.2.2 | Handover rate p. 133
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| J.2.3 | HOF rate p. 135
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| J.2.4 | RLF rate p. 136
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| J.2.5 | Time in handoff p. 138
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| J.2.6 | Time in Qout p. 139
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| J.2.7 | Ping-Pong rate p. 140
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| J.3 | Simulation results for RMa p. 141
| J.3.1 | Introduction p. 141
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| J.3.2 | Handover rate p. 141
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| J.3.3 | HOF rate p. 142
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| J.3.4 | RLF rate p. 144
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| J.3.5 | Time in handoff p. 145
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| J.3.6 | Time in Qout p. 146
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| J.3.7 | Ping-Pong rate p. 147
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| J.4 | Observations on mobility performance for Aerial UEs p. 148
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| $ | Change history p. 149
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