| 6.0 | Mapping of Solutions to Key Issues p. 19
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| 6.1 | Solution #1: UE-to-UE Relay Selection Without Relay Discovery p. 20
| 6.1.1 | Description p. 20
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| 6.1.2 | Procedures p. 21
| 6.1.2.1 | UE-to-UE relay discovery and selection is integrated into the unicast link establishment procedure (Alternative 1) p. 21
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| 6.1.2.2 | UE-to-UE relay discovery and selection is integrated into Model B direct discovery procedure (Alternative 2) p. 22
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| 6.1.3 | Impacts on services, entities and interfaces p. 24
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| 6.2 | Solution #2: ProSe 5G Layer-3 UE-to-UE Relay based on IP routing p. 24
| 6.2.1 | Description p. 24
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| 6.2.2 | Procedures p. 26
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| 6.2.3 | Impacts on services, entities and interfaces p. 26
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| 6.3 | Solution #3: Stateful UE-to-UE Layer-2 or Layer-3 Relay for Public Safety p. 26
| 6.3.1 | Introduction p. 26
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| 6.3.2 | Functional Description p. 27
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| 6.3.3 | Procedures p. 27
| 6.3.3.1 | UE-to-UE Relay discovery p. 27
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| 6.3.3.2 | Communication via the stateful UE-to-UE Relay p. 30
| 6.3.3.2.1 | General p. 30
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| 6.3.3.2.2 | Communication via stateful Layer-3 UE-to-UE Relay p. 30
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| 6.3.3.2.3 | Communication via stateful Layer-2 UE-to-UE Relay p. 30
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| 6.3.4 | Impacts on services, entities and interfaces p. 31
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| 6.4 | Solution #4: QoS control for UE-to-UE Relay p. 31
| 6.4.1 | Description p. 31
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| 6.4.2 | Procedures for Layer 3 UE-to-UE Relay p. 32
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| 6.4.3 | Procedures for Layer 2 UE-to-UE Relay p. 33
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| 6.4.4 | Impacts on services, entities and interfaces p. 34
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| 6.5 | Solution #5: Support Layer-3 UE-to-UE Relay Based on IPv6 link-local addresses p. 34
| 6.5.1 | Description p. 34
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| 6.5.2 | Procedures p. 34
| 6.5.2.1 | Relay path establishment procedure p. 34
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| 6.5.2.2 | Path switch from one UE-to-UE relay to another UE-to-UE relay p. 35
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| 6.5.3 | Impacts on services, entities and interfaces p. 36
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| 6.6 | Solution #6: Support Layer-3 UE-to-UE Relay to Handle Non-IP Traffic p. 37
| 6.6.1 | Description p. 37
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| 6.6.2 | Procedures p. 38
| 6.6.2.1 | Relay path establishment procedure p. 38
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| 6.6.2.2 | Layer-2 ID update procedure p. 39
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| 6.6.3 | Impacts on Existing Nodes and Functionality p. 41
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| 6.7 | Solution #7: Negotiated UE-to-UE Relay Reselection p. 41
| 6.7.1 | Description p. 41
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| 6.7.2 | Procedures p. 41
| 6.7.2.1 | Layer-2 based UE-to-UE Relay Re-selection p. 42
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| 6.7.2.2 | Layer-3 based UE-to-UE Relay Re-selection p. 44
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| 6.7.3 | Impacts on services, entities and interfaces p. 46
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| 6.8 | Solution #8: Authorization for 5G ProSe UE-to-UE Relay Service p. 46
| 6.8.1 | Description p. 46
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| 6.8.2 | Procedures p. 47
| 6.8.2.1 | Procedure Enhancement for Information Provisioning to a 5G ProSe Remote UE/UE-to-UE Relay p. 47
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| 6.8.2.2 | The Policy/parameter to a 5G ProSe UE-to-UE Relay p. 47
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| 6.8.2.3 | The Policy/parameter to a 5G ProSe Remote UE p. 48
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| 6.8.2.4 | 5G ProSe UE-to-UE Relay Discovery parameters p. 49
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| 6.8.2.5 | Procedures for Service Authorization related to UE-to-UE Relay operation to NG-RAN p. 49
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| 6.8.3 | Impacts on services, entities and interfaces p. 49
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| 6.9 | Solution #9: Model A discovery for 5G ProSe Layer-3 UE-to-UE Relay scenario p. 50
| 6.9.1 | Description p. 50
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| 6.9.2 | Procedures p. 51
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| 6.9.3 | Impacts on services, entities and interfaces p. 52
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| 6.10 | Solution #10: Consolidated Solution for UE-to-UE Relay discovery and selection based on Model A and Model B discovery p. 52
| 6.10.1 | Description p. 52
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| 6.10.2 | Procedures p. 52
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| 6.10.3 | Impacts on services, entities and interfaces p. 55
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| 6.11 | Solution #11: Consolidated Solution for Layer-3 UE-to-UE Relay communication setup after Model A and Model B discovery p. 55
| 6.11.1 | Description p. 55
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| 6.11.2 | Procedures p. 55
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| 6.11.3 | Impacts on services, entities and interfaces p. 57
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| 6.12 | Solution #12: Layer-3 UE-to-UE Relay discovery and communication p. 58
| 6.12.1 | Description p. 58
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| 6.12.2 | Procedures p. 59
| 6.12.2.1 | Procedures for UE-to-UE Relay discovery p. 59
| 6.12.2.1.1 | Procedure for UE-to-UE Relay discovery with Model A p. 59
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| 6.12.2.1.2 | Procedure for UE-to-UE Relay discovery with Model B p. 60
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| 6.12.2.2 | Procedures for UE-to-UE Relay communication p. 61
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| 6.12.3 | Impacts on services, entities and interfaces p. 63
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| 6.13 | Solution #13: Layer-2 UE-to-UE Relay p. 63
| 6.13.1 | Description p. 63
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| 6.13.2 | Procedures p. 64
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| 6.13.3 | Impacts on services, entities and interfaces p. 66
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| 6.14 | Solution #14: Criteria for two indirect network path switches p. 66
| 6.14.1 | Description p. 66
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| 6.14.2 | Criteria for path switching for 5G ProSe Layer-3 relay without N3IWF p. 67
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| 6.14.3 | Criteria for path switching for 5G ProSe Layer-3 relay with N3IWF p. 67
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| 6.14.4 | Criteria for path switching for 5G ProSe Layer-2 relay p. 68
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| 6.14.5 | Impacts on Existing Nodes and Functionality p. 68
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| 6.15 | Solution #15: Service continuity support for path switch between two indirect network communication paths p. 68
| 6.15.1 | General Description p. 68
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| 6.15.2 | Procedures p. 69
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| 6.15.3 | Impacts on Existing Nodes and Functionality p. 70
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| 6.16 | Solution #16: Provisioning policy based direct communication path switching between PC5 and Uu reference points p. 70
| 6.16.1 | Description p. 70
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| 6.16.2 | Procedures p. 71
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| 6.16.3 | Impacts on Existing Nodes and Functionality p. 72
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| 6.17 | Solution #17: Path switching between PC5 path and Uu path p. 72
| 6.17.1 | Description p. 72
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| 6.17.2 | Procedures p. 73
| 6.17.2.1 | Switching from PC5 to Uu path p. 73
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| 6.17.2.2 | Switching from Uu to PC5 path p. 74
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| 6.17.3 | Impacts on services, entities and interfaces p. 75
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| 6.18 | Solution #18: UE Negotiation-based path switching from PC5 to Uu p. 75
| 6.18.1 | Description p. 75
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| 6.18.2 | Procedures for path switching from PC5 to Uu with negotiation p. 76
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| 6.18.3 | Procedures of deactivating path switching p. 77
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| 6.18.4 | Procedures for path switching from Uu to PC5 with negotiation p. 77
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| 6.18.5 | Impacts on Existing Nodes and Functionality p. 78
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| 6.19 | Solution #19: Path switching between PC5 and Uu reference points based on path permission policy p. 78
| 6.19.1 | Description p. 78
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| 6.19.2 | Procedures p. 79
| 6.19.2.1 | Path permission policy description p. 79
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| 6.19.2.2 | Path permission policy provision procedure p. 79
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| 6.19.2.3 | Path switching based on path permission policy procedure p. 79
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| 6.19.3 | Impacts on Existing Nodes and Functionality p. 81
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| 6.20 | Solution #20: Switching back from Uu path to PC5 path p. 81
| 6.20.1 | Description p. 81
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| 6.20.2 | Procedures p. 82
| 6.20.2.1 | Procedure for switch back from Uu path to PC5 path p. 82
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| 6.20.3 | Impacts on services, entities and interfaces p. 83
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| 6.21 | Solution #21: Support direct communication path switching between PC5 and Uu p. 84
| 6.21.1 | Description p. 84
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| 6.21.2 | Procedures p. 84
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| 6.21.3 | Impacts on services, entities and interfaces p. 85
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| 6.22 | Solution #22: Direct Communication Path switching between PC5 and Uu p. 86
| 6.22.1 | Description p. 86
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| 6.22.2 | Procedures p. 86
| 6.22.2.1 | Direct Communication Path switching from PC5 to Uu p. 86
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| 6.22.2.2 | Direct Communication Path switching from Uu to PC5 p. 88
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| 6.22.3 | Impacts on services, entities and interfaces p. 89
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| 6.23 | Solution #23: Session Continuity for path switching for L2 U2N Relay p. 89
| 6.23.1 | Description p. 89
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| 6.23.2 | Procedures p. 89
| 6.23.2.1 | Xn based inter-gNB indirect-to-direct path switching p. 89
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| 6.23.2.2 | Xn based inter-gNB direct-to-indirect path switching p. 90
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| 6.23.2.3 | N2 based inter-gNB indirect-to-direct path switching p. 91
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| 6.23.2.4 | N2 based inter-gNB direct-to-indirect path switching p. 92
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| 6.23.3 | Impacts on services, entities and interfaces p. 94
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| 6.24 | Solution #24: Service continuity support for path switch between direct network communication path and indirect network communication path for Layer-2 UE-to-Network Relay p. 94
| 6.24.1 | General Description p. 94
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| 6.24.2 | Procedures p. 95
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| 6.24.3 | Impacts on Existing Nodes and Functionality p. 96
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| 6.25 | Solution #25: Authorization for Multi-path Transmission via UE-to-Network Relay and direct Uu using URSP p. 96
| 6.25.1 | Description p. 96
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| 6.25.2 | Procedures p. 96
| 6.25.2.1 | Procedure Enhancement for Multi-path Policy Provisioning to a 5G ProSe Remote UE p. 96
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| 6.25.2.2 | The Multi-path Policy to a 5G ProSe Remote UE using URSP p. 98
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| 6.25.2.3 | Using Multi-Path preference at UE p. 100
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| 6.25.3 | Impacts on services, entities and interfaces p. 100
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| 6.26 | Solution #26: Multi-path transmission via Layer-2 UE-to-Network Relay p. 100
| 6.26.1 | Description p. 100
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| 6.26.2 | Procedures p. 101
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| 6.26.3 | Impacts on services, entities and interfaces p. 101
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| 6.27 | Solution #27: Remote UE traffic handling for Multi-Path with Layer-3 relay without N3IWF p. 102
| 6.27.1 | Description p. 102
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| 6.27.2 | Procedure for Remote UE traffic handling for Multi-Path with Layer-3 relay without N3IWF p. 103
| 6.27.2.1 | Establishment of multipath transmission using Layer-3 UE-to-Network Relay p. 103
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| 6.27.2.2 | Procedure p. 104
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| 6.27.3 | Impacts on Existing Nodes and Functionality p. 107
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| 6.28 | Solution #28: Multi-path transmission support for one direct path and one indirect network communication path p. 108
| 6.28.1 | General Description p. 108
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| 6.28.2 | Procedures p. 109
| 6.28.2.1 | Procedures for MA PDU sessions support for Layer-3 Remote UE p. 109
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| 6.28.3 | Impacts on Existing Nodes and Functionality p. 110
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| 6.29 | Solution #29: multi-path transmission for Layer-3 UE-to-Network Relay without N3IWF p. 110
| 6.29.1 | Description p. 110
| 6.29.1.1 | Overview p. 110
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| 6.29.1.2 | Policy for Multi-path Transmission via Layer-3 UE-to-Network Relay without N3IWF p. 110
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| 6.29.2 | Procedures p. 111
| 6.29.2.2 | Procedure for Multi-path connection establishment via Layer-3 UE-to-Network Relay without N3IWF p. 113
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| 6.29.3 | Impacts on services, entities and interfaces p. 114
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| 6.30 | Solution #30: Layer-2 UE-to-UE Relaying p. 114
| 6.30.1 | Description p. 114
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| 6.30.2 | Procedures p. 114
| 6.30.2.1 | Procedures for UE-to-UE Relay discovery p. 114
| 6.30.2.1.1 | Procedure for UE-to-UE Relay discovery with Model A p. 114
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| 6.30.2.1.2 | Procedure for UE-to-UE Relay discovery with Model B p. 114
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| 6.30.2.2 | Procedures for Layer-2 UE-to-UE Relay connection establishment p. 115
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| 6.30.3 | Impacts on services, entities and interfaces p. 116
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| 6.31 | Solution #31: ProSe 5G Layer-3 UE-to-UE Relay Authorization for IP address sharing p. 116
| 6.31.1 | Introduction p. 116
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| 6.31.2 | Authorization for IP address sharing support p. 117
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| 6.31.3 | Impacts on services, entities and interfaces p. 118
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| 6.32 | Solution #32: Link Identifier Update procedure when using UE-to-UE Relay p. 118
| 6.32.1 | Description p. 118
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| 6.32.2 | Layer-2 UE-to-UE Relay p. 118
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| 6.32.3 | Layer-3 UE-to-UE Relay p. 121
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| 6.32.4 | Impacts on services, entities and interfaces p. 122
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| 6.33 | Solution #33: Layer-2 UE-to-UE Relay discovery and communication p. 123
| 6.33.1 | Description p. 123
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| 6.33.2 | Procedures p. 124
| 6.33.2.1 | Procedures for UE-to-UE Relay discovery p. 124
| 6.33.2.1.1 | Procedure for UE-to-UE Relay discovery with Model A p. 124
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| 6.33.2.1.2 | Procedure for UE-to-UE Relay discovery with Model B p. 125
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| 6.33.2.2 | Procedures for UE-to-UE Relay communication p. 126
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| 6.33.3 | Impacts on services, entities and interfaces p. 128
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| 6.34 | Solution #34: ProSe UE-to-UE relay support p. 128
| 6.34.1 | General Description p. 128
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| 6.34.2 | Procedures p. 129
| 6.34.2.1 | Route discovery p. 129
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| 6.34.2.2 | 5G ProSe UE-to-UE Relay Connection setup p. 132
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| 6.34.3 | Impacts on Existing Nodes and Functionality p. 134
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| 6.35 | Solution #35: Solution for path switching between two indirect network communication paths p. 134
| 6.35.1 | Description p. 134
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| 6.35.2 | Procedures p. 135
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| 6.35.3 | Impacts on Existing Nodes and Functionality p. 136
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| 6.36 | Solution #36: Path switching between two indirect Layer-3 UE-to-Network Relay paths using N3IWF p. 136
| 6.36.1 | Description p. 136
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| 6.36.2 | Protocol stacks p. 136
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| 6.36.3 | Path switching procedure p. 137
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| 6.36.4 | Impacts on services, entities and interfaces p. 138
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| 6.37 | Solution #37: Path switching of remote UE(s) having an indirect connection via a L2 UE-NW Relay p. 138
| 6.37.1 | Description p. 138
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| 6.37.2 | Procedures p. 139
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| 6.37.3 | Impacts on services, entities and interfaces p. 140
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| 6.38 | Solution #38: Switching from direct network communication to indirect network communication p. 140
| 6.38.1 | Description p. 140
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| 6.38.2 | Procedures p. 141
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| 6.38.3 | Impacts on services, entities and interfaces p. 142
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| 6.39 | Solution #39: Multi-path transmission for Layer-2 UE-to-Network Relay Using Redundant PDU Sessions p. 142
| 6.39.1 | Description p. 142
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| 6.39.2 | Procedures p. 143
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| 6.39.3 | Impacts on Existing Nodes and Functionality p. 143
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| 6.40 | Solution #40: 5GC influenced multi-path transmission via Layer-2 UE-to-Network Relay p. 144
| 6.40.1 | Description p. 144
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| 6.40.2 | 5GC influenced multi-path transmission procedure including L2 relay p. 144
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| 6.40.3 | Impacts on Existing Nodes and Functionality p. 145
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| 6.41 | Solution #41: Improve communication reliability with two-path transmission p. 145
| 6.41.1 | Description p. 145
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| 6.41.2 | Procedures p. 146
| 6.41.2.1 | Procedures for communication reliability p. 146
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| 6.41.3 | Impacts on services, entities and interfaces p. 148
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| 6.42 | Solution #42: Emergency Services for UE to Network Relaying p. 149
| 6.42.1 | Description p. 149
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| 6.42.2 | Procedures p. 150
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| 6.42.3 | Impacts on services, entities and interfaces p. 152
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| 6.43 | Solution #43: Emergency Services over UE-to-Network Relay p. 152
| 6.43.1 | Description p. 152
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| 6.43.2 | Procedures p. 152
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| 6.43.3 | Impacts on services, entities and interfaces p. 154
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| 6.44 | Solution #44: Emergency services for 5G ProSe Layer-3 UE-to-Network Relay without N3IWF p. 154
| 6.44.1 | Introduction p. 154
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| 6.44.2 | Functional description p. 154
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| 6.44.3 | Procedures p. 154
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| 6.44.4 | Impacts on services, entities and interfaces p. 155
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| 6.45 | Solution #45: Solution for support of emergency service for U2N relay p. 156
| 6.45.1 | Description p. 156
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| 6.45.2 | Principles for support of emergency service for U2N relay p. 156
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| 6.45.3 | Procedure to ensure emergency service via Layer-2 U2N relay p. 157
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| 6.45.4 | Procedure for Layer-3 U2N relay to avoid emergency service conflict p. 158
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| 6.45.5 | Impacts on Existing Nodes and Functionality p. 158
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| 6.46 | Solution #46: Emergency service via 5G ProSe Layer-3 UE-to-Network Relay with and without N3IWF p. 158
| 6.46.1 | Description p. 158
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| 6.46.2 | Procedures p. 159
| 6.46.2.1 | Procedures via 5G ProSe Layer-3 U2N relay without N3IWF p. 159
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| 6.46.2.2 | Procedures via 5G ProSe Layer-3 U2N relay with N3IWF p. 160
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| 6.46.3 | Impacts on services, entities and interfaces p. 161
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| 6.47 | Solution #47: Emergency call via 5G ProSe UE-to-Network Relay p. 161
| 6.47.1 | Description p. 161
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| 6.47.2 | Procedures p. 162
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| 6.47.3 | Impacts on services, entities and interfaces p. 163
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| 6.48 | Solution #48: Emergency support via 5G ProSe Layer-3 UE-to-Network Relay p. 163
| 6.48.1 | Description p. 163
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| 6.48.2 | Procedures p. 164
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| 6.48.3 | Impacts on services, entities and interfaces p. 164
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