Network Working Group J. Rosenberg Request for Comments: 3261 dynamicsoft Obsoletes: 2543 H. Schulzrinne Category: Standards Track Columbia U. G. Camarillo Ericsson A. Johnston WorldCom J. Peterson Neustar R. Sparks dynamicsoft M. Handley ICIR E. Schooler AT&T June 2002 SIP: Session Initiation Protocol Status of this Memo This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved. Abstract This document describes Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), an application-layer control (signaling) protocol for creating, modifying, and terminating sessions with one or more participants. These sessions include Internet telephone calls, multimedia distribution, and multimedia conferences. SIP invitations used to create sessions carry session descriptions that allow participants to agree on a set of compatible media types. SIP makes use of elements called proxy servers to help route requests to the user's current location, authenticate and authorize users for services, implement provider call-routing policies, and provide features to users. SIP also provides a registration function that allows users to upload their current locations for use by proxy servers. SIP runs on top of several different transport protocols.
Table of Contents 1 Introduction ........................................ 8 2 Overview of SIP Functionality ....................... 9 3 Terminology ......................................... 10 4 Overview of Operation ............................... 10 5 Structure of the Protocol ........................... 18 6 Definitions ......................................... 20 7 SIP Messages ........................................ 26 7.1 Requests ............................................ 27 7.2 Responses ........................................... 28 7.3 Header Fields ....................................... 29 7.3.1 Header Field Format ................................. 30 7.3.2 Header Field Classification ......................... 32 7.3.3 Compact Form ........................................ 32 7.4 Bodies .............................................. 33 7.4.1 Message Body Type ................................... 33 7.4.2 Message Body Length ................................. 33 7.5 Framing SIP Messages ................................ 34 8 General User Agent Behavior ......................... 34 8.1 UAC Behavior ........................................ 35 8.1.1 Generating the Request .............................. 35 8.1.1.1 Request-URI ......................................... 35 8.1.1.2 To .................................................. 36 8.1.1.3 From ................................................ 37 8.1.1.4 Call-ID ............................................. 37 8.1.1.5 CSeq ................................................ 38 8.1.1.6 Max-Forwards ........................................ 38 8.1.1.7 Via ................................................. 39 8.1.1.8 Contact ............................................. 40 8.1.1.9 Supported and Require ............................... 40 8.1.1.10 Additional Message Components ....................... 41 8.1.2 Sending the Request ................................. 41 8.1.3 Processing Responses ................................ 42 8.1.3.1 Transaction Layer Errors ............................ 42 8.1.3.2 Unrecognized Responses .............................. 42 8.1.3.3 Vias ................................................ 43 8.1.3.4 Processing 3xx Responses ............................ 43 8.1.3.5 Processing 4xx Responses ............................ 45 8.2 UAS Behavior ........................................ 46 8.2.1 Method Inspection ................................... 46 8.2.2 Header Inspection ................................... 46 8.2.2.1 To and Request-URI .................................. 46 8.2.2.2 Merged Requests ..................................... 47 8.2.2.3 Require ............................................. 47 8.2.3 Content Processing .................................. 48 8.2.4 Applying Extensions ................................. 49 8.2.5 Processing the Request .............................. 49
8.2.6 Generating the Response ............................. 49 8.2.6.1 Sending a Provisional Response ...................... 49 8.2.6.2 Headers and Tags .................................... 50 8.2.7 Stateless UAS Behavior .............................. 50 8.3 Redirect Servers .................................... 51 9 Canceling a Request ................................. 53 9.1 Client Behavior ..................................... 53 9.2 Server Behavior ..................................... 55 10 Registrations ....................................... 56 10.1 Overview ............................................ 56 10.2 Constructing the REGISTER Request ................... 57 10.2.1 Adding Bindings ..................................... 59 10.2.1.1 Setting the Expiration Interval of Contact Addresses 60 10.2.1.2 Preferences among Contact Addresses ................. 61 10.2.2 Removing Bindings ................................... 61 10.2.3 Fetching Bindings ................................... 61 10.2.4 Refreshing Bindings ................................. 61 10.2.5 Setting the Internal Clock .......................... 62 10.2.6 Discovering a Registrar ............................. 62 10.2.7 Transmitting a Request .............................. 62 10.2.8 Error Responses ..................................... 63 10.3 Processing REGISTER Requests ........................ 63 11 Querying for Capabilities ........................... 66 11.1 Construction of OPTIONS Request ..................... 67 11.2 Processing of OPTIONS Request ....................... 68 12 Dialogs ............................................. 69 12.1 Creation of a Dialog ................................ 70 12.1.1 UAS behavior ........................................ 70 12.1.2 UAC Behavior ........................................ 71 12.2 Requests within a Dialog ............................ 72 12.2.1 UAC Behavior ........................................ 73 12.2.1.1 Generating the Request .............................. 73 12.2.1.2 Processing the Responses ............................ 75 12.2.2 UAS Behavior ........................................ 76 12.3 Termination of a Dialog ............................. 77 13 Initiating a Session ................................ 77 13.1 Overview ............................................ 77 13.2 UAC Processing ...................................... 78 13.2.1 Creating the Initial INVITE ......................... 78 13.2.2 Processing INVITE Responses ......................... 81 13.2.2.1 1xx Responses ....................................... 81 13.2.2.2 3xx Responses ....................................... 81 13.2.2.3 4xx, 5xx and 6xx Responses .......................... 81 13.2.2.4 2xx Responses ....................................... 82 13.3 UAS Processing ...................................... 83 13.3.1 Processing of the INVITE ............................ 83 13.3.1.1 Progress ............................................ 84 13.3.1.2 The INVITE is Redirected ............................ 84
13.3.1.3 The INVITE is Rejected .............................. 85 13.3.1.4 The INVITE is Accepted .............................. 85 14 Modifying an Existing Session ....................... 86 14.1 UAC Behavior ........................................ 86 14.2 UAS Behavior ........................................ 88 15 Terminating a Session ............................... 89 15.1 Terminating a Session with a BYE Request ............ 90 15.1.1 UAC Behavior ........................................ 90 15.1.2 UAS Behavior ........................................ 91 16 Proxy Behavior ...................................... 91 16.1 Overview ............................................ 91 16.2 Stateful Proxy ...................................... 92 16.3 Request Validation .................................. 94 16.4 Route Information Preprocessing ..................... 96 16.5 Determining Request Targets ......................... 97 16.6 Request Forwarding .................................. 99 16.7 Response Processing ................................. 107 16.8 Processing Timer C .................................. 114 16.9 Handling Transport Errors ........................... 115 16.10 CANCEL Processing ................................... 115 16.11 Stateless Proxy ..................................... 116 16.12 Summary of Proxy Route Processing ................... 118 16.12.1 Examples ............................................ 118 16.12.1.1 Basic SIP Trapezoid ................................. 118 16.12.1.2 Traversing a Strict-Routing Proxy ................... 120 16.12.1.3 Rewriting Record-Route Header Field Values .......... 121 17 Transactions ........................................ 122 17.1 Client Transaction .................................. 124 17.1.1 INVITE Client Transaction ........................... 125 17.1.1.1 Overview of INVITE Transaction ...................... 125 17.1.1.2 Formal Description .................................. 125 17.1.1.3 Construction of the ACK Request ..................... 129 17.1.2 Non-INVITE Client Transaction ....................... 130 17.1.2.1 Overview of the non-INVITE Transaction .............. 130 17.1.2.2 Formal Description .................................. 131 17.1.3 Matching Responses to Client Transactions ........... 132 17.1.4 Handling Transport Errors ........................... 133 17.2 Server Transaction .................................. 134 17.2.1 INVITE Server Transaction ........................... 134 17.2.2 Non-INVITE Server Transaction ....................... 137 17.2.3 Matching Requests to Server Transactions ............ 138 17.2.4 Handling Transport Errors ........................... 141 18 Transport ........................................... 141 18.1 Clients ............................................. 142 18.1.1 Sending Requests .................................... 142 18.1.2 Receiving Responses ................................. 144 18.2 Servers ............................................. 145 18.2.1 Receiving Requests .................................. 145
18.2.2 Sending Responses ................................... 146 18.3 Framing ............................................. 147 18.4 Error Handling ...................................... 147 19 Common Message Components ........................... 147 19.1 SIP and SIPS Uniform Resource Indicators ............ 148 19.1.1 SIP and SIPS URI Components ......................... 148 19.1.2 Character Escaping Requirements ..................... 152 19.1.3 Example SIP and SIPS URIs ........................... 153 19.1.4 URI Comparison ...................................... 153 19.1.5 Forming Requests from a URI ......................... 156 19.1.6 Relating SIP URIs and tel URLs ...................... 157 19.2 Option Tags ......................................... 158 19.3 Tags ................................................ 159 20 Header Fields ....................................... 159 20.1 Accept .............................................. 161 20.2 Accept-Encoding ..................................... 163 20.3 Accept-Language ..................................... 164 20.4 Alert-Info .......................................... 164 20.5 Allow ............................................... 165 20.6 Authentication-Info ................................. 165 20.7 Authorization ....................................... 165 20.8 Call-ID ............................................. 166 20.9 Call-Info ........................................... 166 20.10 Contact ............................................. 167 20.11 Content-Disposition ................................. 168 20.12 Content-Encoding .................................... 169 20.13 Content-Language .................................... 169 20.14 Content-Length ...................................... 169 20.15 Content-Type ........................................ 170 20.16 CSeq ................................................ 170 20.17 Date ................................................ 170 20.18 Error-Info .......................................... 171 20.19 Expires ............................................. 171 20.20 From ................................................ 172 20.21 In-Reply-To ......................................... 172 20.22 Max-Forwards ........................................ 173 20.23 Min-Expires ......................................... 173 20.24 MIME-Version ........................................ 173 20.25 Organization ........................................ 174 20.26 Priority ............................................ 174 20.27 Proxy-Authenticate .................................. 174 20.28 Proxy-Authorization ................................. 175 20.29 Proxy-Require ....................................... 175 20.30 Record-Route ........................................ 175 20.31 Reply-To ............................................ 176 20.32 Require ............................................. 176 20.33 Retry-After ......................................... 176 20.34 Route ............................................... 177
20.35 Server .............................................. 177 20.36 Subject ............................................. 177 20.37 Supported ........................................... 178 20.38 Timestamp ........................................... 178 20.39 To .................................................. 178 20.40 Unsupported ......................................... 179 20.41 User-Agent .......................................... 179 20.42 Via ................................................. 179 20.43 Warning ............................................. 180 20.44 WWW-Authenticate .................................... 182 21 Response Codes ...................................... 182 21.1 Provisional 1xx ..................................... 182 21.1.1 100 Trying .......................................... 183 21.1.2 180 Ringing ......................................... 183 21.1.3 181 Call Is Being Forwarded ......................... 183 21.1.4 182 Queued .......................................... 183 21.1.5 183 Session Progress ................................ 183 21.2 Successful 2xx ...................................... 183 21.2.1 200 OK .............................................. 183 21.3 Redirection 3xx ..................................... 184 21.3.1 300 Multiple Choices ................................ 184 21.3.2 301 Moved Permanently ............................... 184 21.3.3 302 Moved Temporarily ............................... 184 21.3.4 305 Use Proxy ....................................... 185 21.3.5 380 Alternative Service ............................. 185 21.4 Request Failure 4xx ................................. 185 21.4.1 400 Bad Request ..................................... 185 21.4.2 401 Unauthorized .................................... 185 21.4.3 402 Payment Required ................................ 186 21.4.4 403 Forbidden ....................................... 186 21.4.5 404 Not Found ....................................... 186 21.4.6 405 Method Not Allowed .............................. 186 21.4.7 406 Not Acceptable .................................. 186 21.4.8 407 Proxy Authentication Required ................... 186 21.4.9 408 Request Timeout ................................. 186 21.4.10 410 Gone ............................................ 187 21.4.11 413 Request Entity Too Large ........................ 187 21.4.12 414 Request-URI Too Long ............................ 187 21.4.13 415 Unsupported Media Type .......................... 187 21.4.14 416 Unsupported URI Scheme .......................... 187 21.4.15 420 Bad Extension ................................... 187 21.4.16 421 Extension Required .............................. 188 21.4.17 423 Interval Too Brief .............................. 188 21.4.18 480 Temporarily Unavailable ......................... 188 21.4.19 481 Call/Transaction Does Not Exist ................. 188 21.4.20 482 Loop Detected ................................... 188 21.4.21 483 Too Many Hops ................................... 189 21.4.22 484 Address Incomplete .............................. 189
21.4.23 485 Ambiguous ....................................... 189 21.4.24 486 Busy Here ....................................... 189 21.4.25 487 Request Terminated .............................. 190 21.4.26 488 Not Acceptable Here ............................. 190 21.4.27 491 Request Pending ................................. 190 21.4.28 493 Undecipherable .................................. 190 21.5 Server Failure 5xx .................................. 190 21.5.1 500 Server Internal Error ........................... 190 21.5.2 501 Not Implemented ................................. 191 21.5.3 502 Bad Gateway ..................................... 191 21.5.4 503 Service Unavailable ............................. 191 21.5.5 504 Server Time-out ................................. 191 21.5.6 505 Version Not Supported ........................... 192 21.5.7 513 Message Too Large ............................... 192 21.6 Global Failures 6xx ................................. 192 21.6.1 600 Busy Everywhere ................................. 192 21.6.2 603 Decline ......................................... 192 21.6.3 604 Does Not Exist Anywhere ......................... 192 21.6.4 606 Not Acceptable .................................. 192 22 Usage of HTTP Authentication ........................ 193 22.1 Framework ........................................... 193 22.2 User-to-User Authentication ......................... 195 22.3 Proxy-to-User Authentication ........................ 197 22.4 The Digest Authentication Scheme .................... 199 23 S/MIME .............................................. 201 23.1 S/MIME Certificates ................................. 201 23.2 S/MIME Key Exchange ................................. 202 23.3 Securing MIME bodies ................................ 205 23.4 SIP Header Privacy and Integrity using S/MIME: Tunneling SIP ....................................... 207 23.4.1 Integrity and Confidentiality Properties of SIP Headers ............................................. 207 23.4.1.1 Integrity ........................................... 207 23.4.1.2 Confidentiality ..................................... 208 23.4.2 Tunneling Integrity and Authentication .............. 209 23.4.3 Tunneling Encryption ................................ 211 24 Examples ............................................ 213 24.1 Registration ........................................ 213 24.2 Session Setup ....................................... 214 25 Augmented BNF for the SIP Protocol .................. 219 25.1 Basic Rules ......................................... 219 26 Security Considerations: Threat Model and Security Usage Recommendations ............................... 232 26.1 Attacks and Threat Models ........................... 233 26.1.1 Registration Hijacking .............................. 233 26.1.2 Impersonating a Server .............................. 234 26.1.3 Tampering with Message Bodies ....................... 235 26.1.4 Tearing Down Sessions ............................... 235
26.1.5 Denial of Service and Amplification ................. 236 26.2 Security Mechanisms ................................. 237 26.2.1 Transport and Network Layer Security ................ 238 26.2.2 SIPS URI Scheme ..................................... 239 26.2.3 HTTP Authentication ................................. 240 26.2.4 S/MIME .............................................. 240 26.3 Implementing Security Mechanisms .................... 241 26.3.1 Requirements for Implementers of SIP ................ 241 26.3.2 Security Solutions .................................. 242 26.3.2.1 Registration ........................................ 242 26.3.2.2 Interdomain Requests ................................ 243 26.3.2.3 Peer-to-Peer Requests ............................... 245 26.3.2.4 DoS Protection ...................................... 246 26.4 Limitations ......................................... 247 26.4.1 HTTP Digest ......................................... 247 26.4.2 S/MIME .............................................. 248 26.4.3 TLS ................................................. 249 26.4.4 SIPS URIs ........................................... 249 26.5 Privacy ............................................. 251 27 IANA Considerations ................................. 252 27.1 Option Tags ......................................... 252 27.2 Warn-Codes .......................................... 252 27.3 Header Field Names .................................. 253 27.4 Method and Response Codes ........................... 253 27.5 The "message/sip" MIME type. ....................... 254 27.6 New Content-Disposition Parameter Registrations ..... 255 28 Changes From RFC 2543 ............................... 255 28.1 Major Functional Changes ............................ 255 28.2 Minor Functional Changes ............................ 260 29 Normative References ................................ 261 30 Informative References .............................. 262 A. Table of Timer Values ............................... 265 Acknowledgments ................................................ 266 Authors' Addresses ............................................. 267 Full Copyright Statement ....................................... 269 1 Introduction There are many applications of the Internet that require the creation and management of a session, where a session is considered an exchange of data between an association of participants. The implementation of these applications is complicated by the practices of participants: users may move between endpoints, they may be addressable by multiple names, and they may communicate in several different media - sometimes simultaneously. Numerous protocols have been authored that carry various forms of real-time multimedia session data such as voice, video, or text messages. The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) works in concert with these protocols by
enabling Internet endpoints (called user agents) to discover one another and to agree on a characterization of a session they would like to share. For locating prospective session participants, and for other functions, SIP enables the creation of an infrastructure of network hosts (called proxy servers) to which user agents can send registrations, invitations to sessions, and other requests. SIP is an agile, general-purpose tool for creating, modifying, and terminating sessions that works independently of underlying transport protocols and without dependency on the type of session that is being established. 2 Overview of SIP Functionality SIP is an application-layer control protocol that can establish, modify, and terminate multimedia sessions (conferences) such as Internet telephony calls. SIP can also invite participants to already existing sessions, such as multicast conferences. Media can be added to (and removed from) an existing session. SIP transparently supports name mapping and redirection services, which supports personal mobility [27] - users can maintain a single externally visible identifier regardless of their network location. SIP supports five facets of establishing and terminating multimedia communications: User location: determination of the end system to be used for communication; User availability: determination of the willingness of the called party to engage in communications; User capabilities: determination of the media and media parameters to be used; Session setup: "ringing", establishment of session parameters at both called and calling party; Session management: including transfer and termination of sessions, modifying session parameters, and invoking services. SIP is not a vertically integrated communications system. SIP is rather a component that can be used with other IETF protocols to build a complete multimedia architecture. Typically, these architectures will include protocols such as the Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) (RFC 1889 [28]) for transporting real-time data and providing QoS feedback, the Real-Time streaming protocol (RTSP) (RFC 2326 [29]) for controlling delivery of streaming media, the Media
Gateway Control Protocol (MEGACO) (RFC 3015 [30]) for controlling gateways to the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), and the Session Description Protocol (SDP) (RFC 2327 [1]) for describing multimedia sessions. Therefore, SIP should be used in conjunction with other protocols in order to provide complete services to the users. However, the basic functionality and operation of SIP does not depend on any of these protocols. SIP does not provide services. Rather, SIP provides primitives that can be used to implement different services. For example, SIP can locate a user and deliver an opaque object to his current location. If this primitive is used to deliver a session description written in SDP, for instance, the endpoints can agree on the parameters of a session. If the same primitive is used to deliver a photo of the caller as well as the session description, a "caller ID" service can be easily implemented. As this example shows, a single primitive is typically used to provide several different services. SIP does not offer conference control services such as floor control or voting and does not prescribe how a conference is to be managed. SIP can be used to initiate a session that uses some other conference control protocol. Since SIP messages and the sessions they establish can pass through entirely different networks, SIP cannot, and does not, provide any kind of network resource reservation capabilities. The nature of the services provided make security particularly important. To that end, SIP provides a suite of security services, which include denial-of-service prevention, authentication (both user to user and proxy to user), integrity protection, and encryption and privacy services. SIP works with both IPv4 and IPv6. 3 Terminology In this document, the key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, RFC 2119 [2] and indicate requirement levels for compliant SIP implementations.
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