RFC 8095
Services Provided by IETF Transport Protocols and Congestion Control Mechanisms
4. Congestion Control
Congestion control is critical to the stable operation of the Internet. A variety of mechanisms are used to provide the congestion control needed by many Internet transport protocols. Congestion is detected based on sensing of network conditions, whether through explicit or implicit feedback. The congestion control mechanisms that can be applied by different transport protocols are largely orthogonal to the choice of transport protocol. This section provides an overview of the congestion control mechanisms available to the protocols described in Section 3. Many protocols use a separate window to determine the maximum sending rate that is allowed by the congestion control. The used congestion control mechanism will increase the congestion window if feedback is received that indicates that the currently used network path is not congested and will reduce the window otherwise. Window-based mechanisms often increase their window slowing over multiple RTTs, while decreasing strongly when the first indication of congestion is received. One example is an Additive Increase Multiplicative Decrease (AIMD) scheme, where the window is increased by a certain number of packets/bytes for each data segment that has been successfully transmitted, while the window decreases multiplicatively on the occurrence of a congestion event. This can lead to a rather unstable, oscillating sending rate but will resolve a congestion situation quickly. Examples of window-based AIMD schemes include TCP NewReno [RFC5681], TCP Cubic [CUBIC] (the default mechanism for TCP in Linux), and CCID 2 specified for DCCP [RFC4341]. Some classes of applications prefer to use a transport service that allows sending at a more stable rate that is slowly varied in response to congestion. Rate-based methods offer this type of congestion control and have been defined based on the loss ratio and observed round-trip time, such as TFRC [RFC5348] and TFRC-SP
[RFC4828]. These methods utilize a throughput equation to determine the maximum acceptable rate. Such methods are used with DCCP CCID 3 [RFC4342], CCID 4 [RFC5622], WEBRC [RFC3738], and other applications. Another class of applications prefers a transport service that yields to other (higher-priority) traffic, such as interactive transmissions. While most traffic in the Internet uses loss-based congestion control and therefore tends to fill the network buffers (to a certain level if Active Queue Management (AQM) is used), low- priority congestion control methods often react to changes in delay as an earlier indication of congestion. This approach tends to induce less loss than a loss-based method but does generally not compete well with loss-based traffic across shared bottleneck links. Therefore, methods such as LEDBAT [RFC6817] are deployed in the Internet for scavenger traffic that aims to only utilize otherwise unused capacity.5. Transport Features
The transport protocol features described in this document can be used as a basis for defining common transport features. These are listed below with the protocols supporting them: o Control Functions * Addressing + unicast (TCP, MPTCP, UDP, UDP-Lite, SCTP, DCCP, TLS, RTP, HTTP, ICMP) + multicast (UDP, UDP-Lite, RTP, ICMP, FLUTE/ALC, NORM). Note that, as TLS and DTLS are unicast-only, there is no widely deployed mechanism for supporting the features listed under the Security bullet (below) when using multicast addressing. + IPv4 broadcast (UDP, UDP-Lite, ICMP) + anycast (UDP, UDP-Lite). Connection-oriented protocols such as TCP and DCCP have also been deployed using anycast addressing, with the risk that routing changes may cause connection failure. * Association type + connection-oriented (TCP, MPTCP, DCCP, SCTP, TLS, RTP, HTTP, NORM) + connectionless (UDP, UDP-Lite, FLUTE/ALC)
* Multihoming support
+ resilience and mobility (MPTCP, SCTP)
+ load balancing (MPTCP)
+ address family multiplexing (MPTCP, SCTP)
* Middlebox cooperation
+ application-class signaling to middleboxes (DCCP)
+ error condition signaling from middleboxes and routers to
endpoints (ICMP)
* Signaling
+ control information and error signaling (ICMP)
+ application performance reporting (RTP)
o Delivery
* Reliability
+ fully reliable delivery (TCP, MPTCP, SCTP, TLS, HTTP, FLUTE/
ALC, NORM)
+ partially reliable delivery (SCTP, NORM)
- using packet erasure coding (RTP, FLUTE/ALC, NORM)
- with specified policy for dropped messages (SCTP)
+ unreliable delivery (SCTP, UDP, UDP-Lite, DCCP, RTP)
- with drop notification to sender (SCTP, DCCP, RTP)
+ error detection
- checksum for error detection (TCP, MPTCP, UDP, UDP-Lite,
SCTP, DCCP, TLS, DTLS, FLUTE/ALC, NORM, ICMP)
- partial payload checksum protection (UDP-Lite, DCCP).
Some uses of RTP can exploit partial payload checksum
protection feature to provide a corruption-tolerant
transport service.
- checksum optional (UDP). Possible with IPv4 and, in
certain cases, with IPv6.
* Ordering
+ ordered delivery (TCP, MPTCP, SCTP, TLS, RTP, HTTP, FLUTE)
+ unordered delivery permitted (UDP, UDP-Lite, SCTP, DCCP,
RTP, NORM)
* Type/framing
+ stream-oriented delivery (TCP, MPTCP, SCTP, TLS, HTTP)
- with multiple streams per association (SCTP, HTTP2)
+ message-oriented delivery (UDP, UDP-Lite, SCTP, DCCP, DTLS,
RTP)
+ object-oriented delivery of discrete data or files and
associated metadata (HTTP, FLUTE/ALC, NORM)
- with partial delivery of object ranges (HTTP)
* Directionality
+ unidirectional (UDP, UDP-Lite, DCCP, RTP, FLUTE/ALC, NORM)
+ bidirectional (TCP, MPTCP, SCTP, TLS, HTTP)
o Transmission control
* flow control (TCP, MPTCP, SCTP, DCCP, TLS, RTP, HTTP)
* congestion control (TCP, MPTCP, SCTP, DCCP, RTP, FLUTE/ALC,
NORM). Congestion control can also provided by the transport
supporting an upper-layer transport (e.g., TLS, RTP, HTTP).
* segmentation (TCP, MPTCP, SCTP, TLS, RTP, HTTP, FLUTE/ALC,
NORM)
* data/message bundling (TCP, MPTCP, SCTP, TLS, HTTP)
* stream scheduling prioritization (SCTP, HTTP2)
* endpoint multiplexing (MPTCP)
o Security
* authentication of one end of a connection (TLS, DTLS, FLUTE/
ALC)
* authentication of both ends of a connection (TLS, DTLS)
* confidentiality (TLS, DTLS)
* cryptographic integrity protection (TLS, DTLS)
* replay protection (TLS, DTLS, FLUTE/ALC)
6. IANA Considerations
This document does not require any IANA actions.
7. Security Considerations
This document surveys existing transport protocols and protocols
providing transport-like services. Confidentiality, integrity, and
authenticity are among the features provided by those services. This
document does not specify any new features or mechanisms for
providing these features. Each RFC referenced by this document
discusses the security considerations of the specification it
contains.
8. Informative References
[ClarkArch]
Clark, D. and D. Tennenhouse, "Architectural
Considerations for a New Generation of Protocols",
Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM, DOI 10.1145/99517.99553, 1990.
[CUBIC] Rhee, I., Xu, L., Ha, S., Zimmermann, A., Eggert, L., and
R. Scheffenegger, "CUBIC for Fast Long-Distance Networks",
Work in Progress, draft-ietf-tcpm-cubic-04, February 2017.
[MBMS] 3GPP, "Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (MBMS);
Protocols and codecs", 3GPP TS 26.346, 2015,
<http://www.3gpp.org/DynaReport/26346.htm>.
[NAT-SUPP] Stewart, R., Tuexen, M., and I. Ruengeler, "Stream Control
Transmission Protocol (SCTP) Network Address Translation
Support", Work in Progress, draft-ietf-tsvwg-natsupp-09,
May 2016.
[POSIX] IEEE, "Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX(R)) Base Specifications, Issue 7", IEEE 1003.1, DOI 10.1109/ieeestd.2016.7582338, <http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7582338/>. [REST] Fielding, R., "Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Software Architectures, Chapter 5: Representational State Transfer", Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Irvine, 2000. [RFC768] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768, DOI 10.17487/RFC0768, August 1980, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc768>. [RFC792] Postel, J., "Internet Control Message Protocol", STD 5, RFC 792, DOI 10.17487/RFC0792, September 1981, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc792>. [RFC793] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7, RFC 793, DOI 10.17487/RFC0793, September 1981, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc793>. [RFC1071] Braden, R., Borman, D., and C. Partridge, "Computing the Internet checksum", RFC 1071, DOI 10.17487/RFC1071, September 1988, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1071>. [RFC1122] Braden, R., Ed., "Requirements for Internet Hosts - Communication Layers", STD 3, RFC 1122, DOI 10.17487/RFC1122, October 1989, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1122>. [RFC1191] Mogul, J. and S. Deering, "Path MTU discovery", RFC 1191, DOI 10.17487/RFC1191, November 1990, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1191>. [RFC1812] Baker, F., Ed., "Requirements for IP Version 4 Routers", RFC 1812, DOI 10.17487/RFC1812, June 1995, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1812>. [RFC1981] McCann, J., Deering, S., and J. Mogul, "Path MTU Discovery for IP version 6", RFC 1981, DOI 10.17487/RFC1981, August 1996, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1981>. [RFC2018] Mathis, M., Mahdavi, J., Floyd, S., and A. Romanow, "TCP Selective Acknowledgment Options", RFC 2018, DOI 10.17487/RFC2018, October 1996, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2018>.
[RFC2045] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message Bodies", RFC 2045, DOI 10.17487/RFC2045, November 1996, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2045>. [RFC2460] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, DOI 10.17487/RFC2460, December 1998, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2460>. [RFC2710] Deering, S., Fenner, W., and B. Haberman, "Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) for IPv6", RFC 2710, DOI 10.17487/RFC2710, October 1999, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2710>. [RFC2736] Handley, M. and C. Perkins, "Guidelines for Writers of RTP Payload Format Specifications", BCP 36, RFC 2736, DOI 10.17487/RFC2736, December 1999, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2736>. [RFC3168] Ramakrishnan, K., Floyd, S., and D. Black, "The Addition of Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to IP", RFC 3168, DOI 10.17487/RFC3168, September 2001, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3168>. [RFC3205] Moore, K., "On the use of HTTP as a Substrate", BCP 56, RFC 3205, DOI 10.17487/RFC3205, February 2002, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3205>. [RFC3260] Grossman, D., "New Terminology and Clarifications for Diffserv", RFC 3260, DOI 10.17487/RFC3260, April 2002, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3260>. [RFC3436] Jungmaier, A., Rescorla, E., and M. Tuexen, "Transport Layer Security over Stream Control Transmission Protocol", RFC 3436, DOI 10.17487/RFC3436, December 2002, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3436>. [RFC3450] Luby, M., Gemmell, J., Vicisano, L., Rizzo, L., and J. Crowcroft, "Asynchronous Layered Coding (ALC) Protocol Instantiation", RFC 3450, DOI 10.17487/RFC3450, December 2002, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3450>. [RFC3550] Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R., and V. Jacobson, "RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications", STD 64, RFC 3550, DOI 10.17487/RFC3550, July 2003, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3550>.
[RFC3738] Luby, M. and V. Goyal, "Wave and Equation Based Rate Control (WEBRC) Building Block", RFC 3738, DOI 10.17487/RFC3738, April 2004, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3738>. [RFC3758] Stewart, R., Ramalho, M., Xie, Q., Tuexen, M., and P. Conrad, "Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) Partial Reliability Extension", RFC 3758, DOI 10.17487/RFC3758, May 2004, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3758>. [RFC3828] Larzon, L-A., Degermark, M., Pink, S., Jonsson, L-E., Ed., and G. Fairhurst, Ed., "The Lightweight User Datagram Protocol (UDP-Lite)", RFC 3828, DOI 10.17487/RFC3828, July 2004, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3828>. [RFC3926] Paila, T., Luby, M., Lehtonen, R., Roca, V., and R. Walsh, "FLUTE - File Delivery over Unidirectional Transport", RFC 3926, DOI 10.17487/RFC3926, October 2004, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3926>. [RFC3971] Arkko, J., Ed., Kempf, J., Zill, B., and P. Nikander, "SEcure Neighbor Discovery (SEND)", RFC 3971, DOI 10.17487/RFC3971, March 2005, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3971>. [RFC4336] Floyd, S., Handley, M., and E. Kohler, "Problem Statement for the Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP)", RFC 4336, DOI 10.17487/RFC4336, March 2006, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4336>. [RFC4340] Kohler, E., Handley, M., and S. Floyd, "Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP)", RFC 4340, DOI 10.17487/RFC4340, March 2006, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4340>. [RFC4341] Floyd, S. and E. Kohler, "Profile for Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP) Congestion Control ID 2: TCP-like Congestion Control", RFC 4341, DOI 10.17487/RFC4341, March 2006, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4341>. [RFC4342] Floyd, S., Kohler, E., and J. Padhye, "Profile for Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP) Congestion Control ID 3: TCP-Friendly Rate Control (TFRC)", RFC 4342, DOI 10.17487/RFC4342, March 2006, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4342>.
[RFC4443] Conta, A., Deering, S., and M. Gupta, Ed., "Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMPv6) for the Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Specification", RFC 4443, DOI 10.17487/RFC4443, March 2006, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4443>. [RFC4654] Widmer, J. and M. Handley, "TCP-Friendly Multicast Congestion Control (TFMCC): Protocol Specification", RFC 4654, DOI 10.17487/RFC4654, August 2006, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4654>. [RFC4820] Tuexen, M., Stewart, R., and P. Lei, "Padding Chunk and Parameter for the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)", RFC 4820, DOI 10.17487/RFC4820, March 2007, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4820>. [RFC4821] Mathis, M. and J. Heffner, "Packetization Layer Path MTU Discovery", RFC 4821, DOI 10.17487/RFC4821, March 2007, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4821>. [RFC4828] Floyd, S. and E. Kohler, "TCP Friendly Rate Control (TFRC): The Small-Packet (SP) Variant", RFC 4828, DOI 10.17487/RFC4828, April 2007, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4828>. [RFC4861] Narten, T., Nordmark, E., Simpson, W., and H. Soliman, "Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 4861, DOI 10.17487/RFC4861, September 2007, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4861>. [RFC4895] Tuexen, M., Stewart, R., Lei, P., and E. Rescorla, "Authenticated Chunks for the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)", RFC 4895, DOI 10.17487/RFC4895, August 2007, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4895>. [RFC4960] Stewart, R., Ed., "Stream Control Transmission Protocol", RFC 4960, DOI 10.17487/RFC4960, September 2007, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4960>. [RFC5052] Watson, M., Luby, M., and L. Vicisano, "Forward Error Correction (FEC) Building Block", RFC 5052, DOI 10.17487/RFC5052, August 2007, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5052>.
[RFC5061] Stewart, R., Xie, Q., Tuexen, M., Maruyama, S., and M. Kozuka, "Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) Dynamic Address Reconfiguration", RFC 5061, DOI 10.17487/RFC5061, September 2007, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5061>. [RFC5097] Renker, G. and G. Fairhurst, "MIB for the UDP-Lite protocol", RFC 5097, DOI 10.17487/RFC5097, January 2008, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5097>. [RFC5238] Phelan, T., "Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) over the Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP)", RFC 5238, DOI 10.17487/RFC5238, May 2008, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5238>. [RFC5246] Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246, DOI 10.17487/RFC5246, August 2008, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5246>. [RFC5348] Floyd, S., Handley, M., Padhye, J., and J. Widmer, "TCP Friendly Rate Control (TFRC): Protocol Specification", RFC 5348, DOI 10.17487/RFC5348, September 2008, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5348>. [RFC5461] Gont, F., "TCP's Reaction to Soft Errors", RFC 5461, DOI 10.17487/RFC5461, February 2009, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5461>. [RFC5595] Fairhurst, G., "The Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP) Service Codes", RFC 5595, DOI 10.17487/RFC5595, September 2009, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5595>. [RFC5596] Fairhurst, G., "Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP) Simultaneous-Open Technique to Facilitate NAT/ Middlebox Traversal", RFC 5596, DOI 10.17487/RFC5596, September 2009, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5596>. [RFC5622] Floyd, S. and E. Kohler, "Profile for Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP) Congestion ID 4: TCP-Friendly Rate Control for Small Packets (TFRC-SP)", RFC 5622, DOI 10.17487/RFC5622, August 2009, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5622>. [RFC5651] Luby, M., Watson, M., and L. Vicisano, "Layered Coding Transport (LCT) Building Block", RFC 5651, DOI 10.17487/RFC5651, October 2009, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5651>.
[RFC5681] Allman, M., Paxson, V., and E. Blanton, "TCP Congestion Control", RFC 5681, DOI 10.17487/RFC5681, September 2009, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5681>. [RFC5740] Adamson, B., Bormann, C., Handley, M., and J. Macker, "NACK-Oriented Reliable Multicast (NORM) Transport Protocol", RFC 5740, DOI 10.17487/RFC5740, November 2009, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5740>. [RFC5762] Perkins, C., "RTP and the Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP)", RFC 5762, DOI 10.17487/RFC5762, April 2010, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5762>. [RFC5775] Luby, M., Watson, M., and L. Vicisano, "Asynchronous Layered Coding (ALC) Protocol Instantiation", RFC 5775, DOI 10.17487/RFC5775, April 2010, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5775>. [RFC6056] Larsen, M. and F. Gont, "Recommendations for Transport- Protocol Port Randomization", BCP 156, RFC 6056, DOI 10.17487/RFC6056, January 2011, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6056>. [RFC6083] Tuexen, M., Seggelmann, R., and E. Rescorla, "Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) for Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)", RFC 6083, DOI 10.17487/RFC6083, January 2011, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6083>. [RFC6093] Gont, F. and A. Yourtchenko, "On the Implementation of the TCP Urgent Mechanism", RFC 6093, DOI 10.17487/RFC6093, January 2011, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6093>. [RFC6101] Freier, A., Karlton, P., and P. Kocher, "The Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) Protocol Version 3.0", RFC 6101, DOI 10.17487/RFC6101, August 2011, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6101>. [RFC6347] Rescorla, E. and N. Modadugu, "Datagram Transport Layer Security Version 1.2", RFC 6347, DOI 10.17487/RFC6347, January 2012, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6347>. [RFC6356] Raiciu, C., Handley, M., and D. Wischik, "Coupled Congestion Control for Multipath Transport Protocols", RFC 6356, DOI 10.17487/RFC6356, October 2011, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6356>.
[RFC6363] Watson, M., Begen, A., and V. Roca, "Forward Error Correction (FEC) Framework", RFC 6363, DOI 10.17487/RFC6363, October 2011, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6363>. [RFC6458] Stewart, R., Tuexen, M., Poon, K., Lei, P., and V. Yasevich, "Sockets API Extensions for the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)", RFC 6458, DOI 10.17487/RFC6458, December 2011, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6458>. [RFC6525] Stewart, R., Tuexen, M., and P. Lei, "Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) Stream Reconfiguration", RFC 6525, DOI 10.17487/RFC6525, February 2012, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6525>. [RFC6582] Henderson, T., Floyd, S., Gurtov, A., and Y. Nishida, "The NewReno Modification to TCP's Fast Recovery Algorithm", RFC 6582, DOI 10.17487/RFC6582, April 2012, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6582>. [RFC6584] Roca, V., "Simple Authentication Schemes for the Asynchronous Layered Coding (ALC) and NACK-Oriented Reliable Multicast (NORM) Protocols", RFC 6584, DOI 10.17487/RFC6584, April 2012, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6584>. [RFC6726] Paila, T., Walsh, R., Luby, M., Roca, V., and R. Lehtonen, "FLUTE - File Delivery over Unidirectional Transport", RFC 6726, DOI 10.17487/RFC6726, November 2012, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6726>. [RFC6773] Phelan, T., Fairhurst, G., and C. Perkins, "DCCP-UDP: A Datagram Congestion Control Protocol UDP Encapsulation for NAT Traversal", RFC 6773, DOI 10.17487/RFC6773, November 2012, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6773>. [RFC6817] Shalunov, S., Hazel, G., Iyengar, J., and M. Kuehlewind, "Low Extra Delay Background Transport (LEDBAT)", RFC 6817, DOI 10.17487/RFC6817, December 2012, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6817>. [RFC6824] Ford, A., Raiciu, C., Handley, M., and O. Bonaventure, "TCP Extensions for Multipath Operation with Multiple Addresses", RFC 6824, DOI 10.17487/RFC6824, January 2013, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6824>.
[RFC6897] Scharf, M. and A. Ford, "Multipath TCP (MPTCP) Application Interface Considerations", RFC 6897, DOI 10.17487/RFC6897, March 2013, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6897>. [RFC6935] Eubanks, M., Chimento, P., and M. Westerlund, "IPv6 and UDP Checksums for Tunneled Packets", RFC 6935, DOI 10.17487/RFC6935, April 2013, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6935>. [RFC6936] Fairhurst, G. and M. Westerlund, "Applicability Statement for the Use of IPv6 UDP Datagrams with Zero Checksums", RFC 6936, DOI 10.17487/RFC6936, April 2013, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6936>. [RFC6951] Tuexen, M. and R. Stewart, "UDP Encapsulation of Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) Packets for End-Host to End-Host Communication", RFC 6951, DOI 10.17487/RFC6951, May 2013, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6951>. [RFC7053] Tuexen, M., Ruengeler, I., and R. Stewart, "SACK- IMMEDIATELY Extension for the Stream Control Transmission Protocol", RFC 7053, DOI 10.17487/RFC7053, November 2013, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7053>. [RFC7202] Perkins, C. and M. Westerlund, "Securing the RTP Framework: Why RTP Does Not Mandate a Single Media Security Solution", RFC 7202, DOI 10.17487/RFC7202, April 2014, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7202>. [RFC7230] Fielding, R., Ed. and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Message Syntax and Routing", RFC 7230, DOI 10.17487/RFC7230, June 2014, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7230>. [RFC7231] Fielding, R., Ed. and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Semantics and Content", RFC 7231, DOI 10.17487/RFC7231, June 2014, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7231>. [RFC7232] Fielding, R., Ed. and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Conditional Requests", RFC 7232, DOI 10.17487/RFC7232, June 2014, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7232>.
[RFC7233] Fielding, R., Ed., Lafon, Y., Ed., and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Range Requests", RFC 7233, DOI 10.17487/RFC7233, June 2014, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7233>. [RFC7234] Fielding, R., Ed., Nottingham, M., Ed., and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Caching", RFC 7234, DOI 10.17487/RFC7234, June 2014, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7234>. [RFC7235] Fielding, R., Ed. and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Authentication", RFC 7235, DOI 10.17487/RFC7235, June 2014, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7235>. [RFC7301] Friedl, S., Popov, A., Langley, A., and E. Stephan, "Transport Layer Security (TLS) Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation Extension", RFC 7301, DOI 10.17487/RFC7301, July 2014, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7301>. [RFC7323] Borman, D., Braden, B., Jacobson, V., and R. Scheffenegger, Ed., "TCP Extensions for High Performance", RFC 7323, DOI 10.17487/RFC7323, September 2014, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7323>. [RFC7414] Duke, M., Braden, R., Eddy, W., Blanton, E., and A. Zimmermann, "A Roadmap for Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Specification Documents", RFC 7414, DOI 10.17487/RFC7414, February 2015, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7414>. [RFC7457] Sheffer, Y., Holz, R., and P. Saint-Andre, "Summarizing Known Attacks on Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Datagram TLS (DTLS)", RFC 7457, DOI 10.17487/RFC7457, February 2015, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7457>. [RFC7496] Tuexen, M., Seggelmann, R., Stewart, R., and S. Loreto, "Additional Policies for the Partially Reliable Stream Control Transmission Protocol Extension", RFC 7496, DOI 10.17487/RFC7496, April 2015, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7496>. [RFC7525] Sheffer, Y., Holz, R., and P. Saint-Andre, "Recommendations for Secure Use of Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS)", BCP 195, RFC 7525, DOI 10.17487/RFC7525, May 2015, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7525>.
[RFC7540] Belshe, M., Peon, R., and M. Thomson, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer Protocol Version 2 (HTTP/2)", RFC 7540, DOI 10.17487/RFC7540, May 2015, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7540>. [RFC8085] Eggert, L., Fairhurst, G., and G. Shepherd, "UDP Usage Guidelines", BCP 145, RFC 8085, DOI 10.17487/RFC8085, March 2017, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8085>. [SCTP-DTLS-ENCAPS] Tuexen, M., Stewart, R., Jesup, R., and S. Loreto, "DTLS Encapsulation of SCTP Packets", Work in Progress, draft-ietf-tsvwg-sctp-dtls-encaps-09, January 2015. [SCTP-NDATA] Stewart, R., Tuexen, M., Loreto, S., and R. Seggelmann, "Stream Schedulers and User Message Interleaving for the Stream Control Transmission Protocol", Work in Progress, draft-ietf-tsvwg-sctp-ndata-08, October 2016. [TCP-SPEC] Eddy, W., Ed., "Transmission Control Protocol Specification", Work in Progress, draft-ietf-tcpm- rfc793bis-04, December 2016. [TLS-1.3] Rescorla, E., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.3", Work in Progress, draft-ietf-tls-tls13-18, October 2016. [WEBRTC-TRANS] Alvestrand, H., "Transports for WebRTC", Work in Progress, draft-ietf-rtcweb-transports-17, October 2016. [XHR] van Kesteren, A., Aubourg, J., Song, J., and H. Steen, "XMLHttpRequest Level 1", World Wide Web Consortium NOTE- XMLHttpRequest-20161006, October 2016, <http://www.w3.org/TR/XMLHttpRequest/>.
Acknowledgments
Thanks to Joe Touch, Michael Welzl, Spencer Dawkins, and the TAPS working group for the comments, feedback, and discussion. This work is supported by the European Commission under grant agreement No. 318627 mPlane and from the Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreements No. 644334 (NEAT) and No. 688421 (MAMI). This support does not imply endorsement.Contributors
In addition to the editors, this document is the work of Brian Adamson, Dragana Damjanovic, Kevin Fall, Simone Ferlin-Oliviera, Ralph Holz, Olivier Mehani, Karen Nielsen, Colin Perkins, Vincent Roca, and Michael Tuexen. o Section 3.2 on MPTCP was contributed by Simone Ferlin-Oliviera (ferlin@simula.no) and Olivier Mehani (olivier.mehani@nicta.com.au). o Section 3.3 on UDP was contributed by Kevin Fall (kfall@kfall.com). o Section 3.5 on SCTP was contributed by Michael Tuexen (tuexen@fh- muenster.de) and Karen Nielsen (karen.nielsen@tieto.com). o Section 3.7 on TLS and DTLS was contributed by Ralph Holz (ralph.holz@nicta.com.au) and Olivier Mehani (olivier.mehani@nicta.com.au). o Section 3.8 on RTP contains contributions from Colin Perkins (csp@csperkins.org). o Section 3.9 on HTTP was contributed by Dragana Damjanovic (ddamjanovic@mozilla.com). o Section 3.10 on FLUTE/ALC was contributed by Vincent Roca (vincent.roca@inria.fr). o Section 3.11 on NORM was contributed by Brian Adamson (brian.adamson@nrl.navy.mil).
Authors' Addresses
Godred Fairhurst (editor) University of Aberdeen School of Engineering, Fraser Noble Building Aberdeen AB24 3UE Email: gorry@erg.abdn.ac.uk Brian Trammell (editor) ETH Zurich Gloriastrasse 35 8092 Zurich Switzerland Email: ietf@trammell.ch Mirja Kuehlewind (editor) ETH Zurich Gloriastrasse 35 8092 Zurich Switzerland Email: mirja.kuehlewind@tik.ee.ethz.ch