6.  Access Control Attributes

   Access Control Lists (ACLs) are file attributes that specify fine-
   grained access control.  This section covers the "acl", "aclsupport",
   and "mode" file attributes, and their interactions.  Note that file
   attributes may apply to any file system object.

6.1.  Goals

   ACLs and modes represent two well-established models for specifying
   permissions.  This section specifies requirements that attempt to
   meet the following goals:

   o  If a server supports the mode attribute, it should provide
      reasonable semantics to clients that only set and retrieve the
      mode attribute.

   o  If a server supports ACL attributes, it should provide reasonable
      semantics to clients that only set and retrieve those attributes.

   o  On servers that support the mode attribute, if ACL attributes have
      never been set on an object, via inheritance or explicitly, the
      behavior should be traditional UNIX-like behavior.

   o  On servers that support the mode attribute, if the ACL attributes
      have been previously set on an object, either explicitly or via
      inheritance:

      *  Setting only the mode attribute should effectively control the
         traditional UNIX-like permissions of read, write, and execute
         on owner, owner_group, and other.

      *  Setting only the mode attribute should provide reasonable
         security.  For example, setting a mode of 000 should be enough
         to ensure that future opens for read or write by any principal
         fail, regardless of a previously existing or inherited ACL.

   o  When a mode attribute is set on an object, the ACL attributes may
      need to be modified so as to not conflict with the new mode.  In
      such cases, it is desirable that the ACL keep as much information
      as possible.  This includes information about inheritance, AUDIT
      and ALARM access control entries (ACEs), and permissions granted
      and denied that do not conflict with the new mode.

6.2.  File Attributes Discussion

   Support for each of the ACL attributes is RECOMMENDED and not
   required, since file systems accessed using NFSv4 might not
   support ACLs.

6.2.1.  Attribute 12: acl

   The NFSv4.0 ACL attribute contains an array of ACEs that are
   associated with the file system object.  Although the client can read
   and write the acl attribute, the server is responsible for using the
   ACL to perform access control.  The client can use the OPEN or ACCESS
   operations to check access without modifying or reading data or
   metadata.

   The NFS ACE structure is defined as follows:

   typedef uint32_t        acetype4;

   typedef uint32_t        aceflag4;

   typedef uint32_t        acemask4;

   struct nfsace4 {
           acetype4                type;
           aceflag4                flag;
           acemask4                access_mask;
           utf8str_mixed           who;
   };

   To determine if a request succeeds, the server processes each nfsace4
   entry in order.  Only ACEs that have a "who" that matches the
   requester are considered.  Each ACE is processed until all of the
   bits of the requester's access have been ALLOWED.  Once a bit (see
   below) has been ALLOWED by an ACCESS_ALLOWED_ACE, it is no longer
   considered in the processing of later ACEs.  If an ACCESS_DENIED_ACE

   is encountered where the requester's access still has unALLOWED bits
   in common with the "access_mask" of the ACE, the request is denied.
   When the ACL is fully processed, if there are bits in the requester's
   mask that have not been ALLOWED or DENIED, access is denied.

   Unlike the ALLOW and DENY ACE types, the ALARM and AUDIT ACE types do
   not affect a requester's access and instead are for triggering events
   as a result of a requester's access attempt.  Therefore, AUDIT and
   ALARM ACEs are processed only after processing ALLOW and DENY ACEs.

   The NFSv4.0 ACL model is quite rich.  Some server platforms may
   provide access control functionality that goes beyond the UNIX-style
   mode attribute but that is not as rich as the NFS ACL model.  So that
   users can take advantage of this more limited functionality, the
   server may support the acl attributes by mapping between its ACL
   model and the NFSv4.0 ACL model.  Servers must ensure that the ACL
   they actually store or enforce is at least as strict as the NFSv4 ACL
   that was set.  It is tempting to accomplish this by rejecting any ACL
   that falls outside the small set that can be represented accurately.
   However, such an approach can render ACLs unusable without special
   client-side knowledge of the server's mapping, which defeats the
   purpose of having a common NFSv4 ACL protocol.  Therefore, servers
   should accept every ACL that they can without compromising security.
   To help accomplish this, servers may make a special exception, in the
   case of unsupported permission bits, to the rule that bits not
   ALLOWED or DENIED by an ACL must be denied.  For example, a UNIX-
   style server might choose to silently allow read attribute
   permissions even though an ACL does not explicitly allow those
   permissions.  (An ACL that explicitly denies permission to read
   attributes should still result in a denial.)

   The situation is complicated by the fact that a server may have
   multiple modules that enforce ACLs.  For example, the enforcement for
   NFSv4.0 access may be different from, but not weaker than, the
   enforcement for local access, and both may be different from the
   enforcement for access through other protocols such as Server Message
   Block (SMB) [MS-SMB].  So it may be useful for a server to accept an
   ACL even if not all of its modules are able to support it.

   The guiding principle with regard to NFSv4 access is that the server
   must not accept ACLs that give an appearance of more restricted
   access to a file than what is actually enforced.

6.2.1.1.  ACE Type

   The constants used for the type field (acetype4) are as follows:

   const ACE4_ACCESS_ALLOWED_ACE_TYPE      = 0x00000000;
   const ACE4_ACCESS_DENIED_ACE_TYPE       = 0x00000001;
   const ACE4_SYSTEM_AUDIT_ACE_TYPE        = 0x00000002;
   const ACE4_SYSTEM_ALARM_ACE_TYPE        = 0x00000003;

   All four bit types are permitted in the acl attribute.

   +------------------------------+--------------+---------------------+
   | Value                        | Abbreviation | Description         |
   +------------------------------+--------------+---------------------+
   | ACE4_ACCESS_ALLOWED_ACE_TYPE | ALLOW        | Explicitly grants   |
   |                              |              | the access defined  |
   |                              |              | in acemask4 to the  |
   |                              |              | file or directory.  |
   |                              |              |                     |
   | ACE4_ACCESS_DENIED_ACE_TYPE  | DENY         | Explicitly denies   |
   |                              |              | the access defined  |
   |                              |              | in acemask4 to the  |
   |                              |              | file or directory.  |
   |                              |              |                     |
   | ACE4_SYSTEM_AUDIT_ACE_TYPE   | AUDIT        | LOG (in a system-   |
   |                              |              | dependent way) any  |
   |                              |              | access attempt to a |
   |                              |              | file or directory   |
   |                              |              | that uses any of    |
   |                              |              | the access methods  |
   |                              |              | specified in        |
   |                              |              | acemask4.           |
   |                              |              |                     |
   | ACE4_SYSTEM_ALARM_ACE_TYPE   | ALARM        | Generate a system   |
   |                              |              | ALARM (system       |
   |                              |              | dependent) when any |
   |                              |              | access attempt is   |
   |                              |              | made to a file or   |
   |                              |              | directory for the   |
   |                              |              | access methods      |
   |                              |              | specified in        |
   |                              |              | acemask4.           |
   +------------------------------+--------------+---------------------+

    The "Abbreviation" column denotes how the types will be referred to
                   throughout the rest of this section.

6.2.1.2.  Attribute 13: aclsupport

   A server need not support all of the above ACE types.  This attribute
   indicates which ACE types are supported for the current file system.
   The bitmask constants used to represent the above definitions within
   the aclsupport attribute are as follows:

   const ACL4_SUPPORT_ALLOW_ACL    = 0x00000001;
   const ACL4_SUPPORT_DENY_ACL     = 0x00000002;
   const ACL4_SUPPORT_AUDIT_ACL    = 0x00000004;
   const ACL4_SUPPORT_ALARM_ACL    = 0x00000008;

   Servers that support either the ALLOW or DENY ACE type SHOULD support
   both ALLOW and DENY ACE types.

   Clients should not attempt to set an ACE unless the server claims
   support for that ACE type.  If the server receives a request to set
   an ACE that it cannot store, it MUST reject the request with
   NFS4ERR_ATTRNOTSUPP.  If the server receives a request to set an ACE
   that it can store but cannot enforce, the server SHOULD reject the
   request with NFS4ERR_ATTRNOTSUPP.

6.2.1.3.  ACE Access Mask

   The bitmask constants used for the access mask field are as follows:

   const ACE4_READ_DATA            = 0x00000001;
   const ACE4_LIST_DIRECTORY       = 0x00000001;
   const ACE4_WRITE_DATA           = 0x00000002;
   const ACE4_ADD_FILE             = 0x00000002;
   const ACE4_APPEND_DATA          = 0x00000004;
   const ACE4_ADD_SUBDIRECTORY     = 0x00000004;
   const ACE4_READ_NAMED_ATTRS     = 0x00000008;
   const ACE4_WRITE_NAMED_ATTRS    = 0x00000010;
   const ACE4_EXECUTE              = 0x00000020;
   const ACE4_DELETE_CHILD         = 0x00000040;
   const ACE4_READ_ATTRIBUTES      = 0x00000080;
   const ACE4_WRITE_ATTRIBUTES     = 0x00000100;

   const ACE4_DELETE               = 0x00010000;
   const ACE4_READ_ACL             = 0x00020000;
   const ACE4_WRITE_ACL            = 0x00040000;
   const ACE4_WRITE_OWNER          = 0x00080000;
   const ACE4_SYNCHRONIZE          = 0x00100000;

   Note that some masks have coincident values -- for example,
   ACE4_READ_DATA and ACE4_LIST_DIRECTORY.  The mask entries
   ACE4_LIST_DIRECTORY, ACE4_ADD_FILE, and ACE4_ADD_SUBDIRECTORY are
   intended to be used with directory objects, while ACE4_READ_DATA,
   ACE4_WRITE_DATA, and ACE4_APPEND_DATA are intended to be used with
   non-directory objects.

6.2.1.3.1.  Discussion of Mask Attributes

   ACE4_READ_DATA

      Operation(s) affected:

         READ

         OPEN

      Discussion:

         Permission to read the data of the file.

         Servers SHOULD allow a user the ability to read the data of the
         file when only the ACE4_EXECUTE access mask bit is set.

   ACE4_LIST_DIRECTORY

      Operation(s) affected:

         READDIR

      Discussion:

         Permission to list the contents of a directory.

   ACE4_WRITE_DATA

      Operation(s) affected:

         WRITE

         OPEN

         SETATTR of size

      Discussion:

         Permission to modify a file's data.

   ACE4_ADD_FILE

      Operation(s) affected:

         CREATE

         LINK

         OPEN

         RENAME

      Discussion:

         Permission to add a new file in a directory.  The CREATE
         operation is affected when nfs_ftype4 is NF4LNK, NF4BLK,
         NF4CHR, NF4SOCK, or NF4FIFO.  (NF4DIR is not listed because it
         is covered by ACE4_ADD_SUBDIRECTORY.)  OPEN is affected when
         used to create a regular file.  LINK and RENAME are always
         affected.

   ACE4_APPEND_DATA

      Operation(s) affected:

         WRITE

         OPEN

         SETATTR of size

      Discussion:

         The ability to modify a file's data, but only starting at EOF.
         This allows for the notion of append-only files, by allowing
         ACE4_APPEND_DATA and denying ACE4_WRITE_DATA to the same user
         or group.  If a file has an ACL such as the one described above
         and a WRITE request is made for somewhere other than EOF, the
         server SHOULD return NFS4ERR_ACCESS.

   ACE4_ADD_SUBDIRECTORY

      Operation(s) affected:

         CREATE

         RENAME

      Discussion:

         Permission to create a subdirectory in a directory.  The CREATE
         operation is affected when nfs_ftype4 is NF4DIR.  The RENAME
         operation is always affected.

   ACE4_READ_NAMED_ATTRS

      Operation(s) affected:

         OPENATTR

      Discussion:

         Permission to read the named attributes of a file or to look up
         the named attributes directory.  OPENATTR is affected when it
         is not used to create a named attribute directory.  This is
         when 1) createdir is TRUE but a named attribute directory
         already exists or 2) createdir is FALSE.

   ACE4_WRITE_NAMED_ATTRS

      Operation(s) affected:

         OPENATTR

      Discussion:

         Permission to write the named attributes of a file or to create
         a named attribute directory.  OPENATTR is affected when it is
         used to create a named attribute directory.  This is when
         createdir is TRUE and no named attribute directory exists.  The
         ability to check whether or not a named attribute directory
         exists depends on the ability to look it up; therefore, users
         also need the ACE4_READ_NAMED_ATTRS permission in order to
         create a named attribute directory.

   ACE4_EXECUTE

      Operation(s) affected:

         READ

      Discussion:

         Permission to execute a file.

         Servers SHOULD allow a user the ability to read the data of the
         file when only the ACE4_EXECUTE access mask bit is set.  This
         is because there is no way to execute a file without reading
         the contents.  Though a server may treat ACE4_EXECUTE and
         ACE4_READ_DATA bits identically when deciding to permit a READ
         operation, it SHOULD still allow the two bits to be set
         independently in ACLs and MUST distinguish between them when
         replying to ACCESS operations.  In particular, servers SHOULD
         NOT silently turn on one of the two bits when the other is set,
         as that would make it impossible for the client to correctly
         enforce the distinction between read and execute permissions.

         As an example, following a SETATTR of the following ACL:

         nfsuser:ACE4_EXECUTE:ALLOW

         A subsequent GETATTR of ACL for that file SHOULD return:

         nfsuser:ACE4_EXECUTE:ALLOW

         Rather than:

         nfsuser:ACE4_EXECUTE/ACE4_READ_DATA:ALLOW

   ACE4_EXECUTE

      Operation(s) affected:

         LOOKUP

         OPEN

         REMOVE

         RENAME

         LINK

         CREATE

      Discussion:

         Permission to traverse/search a directory.

   ACE4_DELETE_CHILD

      Operation(s) affected:

         REMOVE

         RENAME

      Discussion:

         Permission to delete a file or directory within a directory.
         See Section 6.2.1.3.2 for information on how ACE4_DELETE and
         ACE4_DELETE_CHILD interact.

   ACE4_READ_ATTRIBUTES

      Operation(s) affected:

         GETATTR of file system object attributes

         VERIFY

         NVERIFY

         READDIR

      Discussion:

         The ability to read basic attributes (non-ACLs) of a file.
         On a UNIX system, basic attributes can be thought of as the
         stat-level attributes.  Allowing this access mask bit would
         mean the entity can execute "ls -l" and stat.  If a READDIR
         operation requests attributes, this mask must be allowed for
         the READDIR to succeed.

   ACE4_WRITE_ATTRIBUTES

      Operation(s) affected:

         SETATTR of time_access_set, time_backup, time_create,
         time_modify_set, mimetype, hidden, and system

      Discussion:

         Permission to change the times associated with a file or
         directory to an arbitrary value.  Also, permission to change
         the mimetype, hidden and system attributes.  A user having
         ACE4_WRITE_DATA or ACE4_WRITE_ATTRIBUTES will be allowed to set
         the times associated with a file to the current server time.

   ACE4_DELETE

      Operation(s) affected:

         REMOVE

      Discussion:

         Permission to delete the file or directory.  See
         Section 6.2.1.3.2 for information on ACE4_DELETE and
         ACE4_DELETE_CHILD interact.

   ACE4_READ_ACL

      Operation(s) affected:

         GETATTR of acl

         NVERIFY

         VERIFY

      Discussion:

         Permission to read the ACL.

   ACE4_WRITE_ACL

      Operation(s) affected:

         SETATTR of acl and mode

      Discussion:

         Permission to write the acl and mode attributes.

   ACE4_WRITE_OWNER

      Operation(s) affected:

         SETATTR of owner and owner_group

      Discussion:

         Permission to write the owner and owner_group attributes.  On
         UNIX systems, this is the ability to execute chown() and
         chgrp().

   ACE4_SYNCHRONIZE

      Operation(s) affected:

         NONE

      Discussion:

         Permission to use the file object as a synchronization
         primitive for interprocess communication.  This permission is
         not enforced or interpreted by the NFSv4.0 server on behalf of
         the client.

         Typically, the ACE4_SYNCHRONIZE permission is only meaningful
         on local file systems, i.e., file systems not accessed via
         NFSv4.0.  The reason that the permission bit exists is that
         some operating environments, such as Windows, use
         ACE4_SYNCHRONIZE.

         For example, if a client copies a file that has
         ACE4_SYNCHRONIZE set from a local file system to an NFSv4.0
         server, and then later copies the file from the NFSv4.0 server
         to a local file system, it is likely that if ACE4_SYNCHRONIZE
         was set in the original file, the client will want it set in
         the second copy.  The first copy will not have the permission
         set unless the NFSv4.0 server has the means to set the
         ACE4_SYNCHRONIZE bit.  The second copy will not have the
         permission set unless the NFSv4.0 server has the means to
         retrieve the ACE4_SYNCHRONIZE bit.

   Server implementations need not provide the granularity of control
   that is implied by this list of masks.  For example, POSIX-based
   systems might not distinguish ACE4_APPEND_DATA (the ability to append
   to a file) from ACE4_WRITE_DATA (the ability to modify existing
   contents); both masks would be tied to a single "write" permission.
   When such a server returns attributes to the client, it would show
   both ACE4_APPEND_DATA and ACE4_WRITE_DATA if and only if the write
   permission is enabled.

   If a server receives a SETATTR request that it cannot accurately
   implement, it should err in the direction of more restricted access,
   except in the previously discussed cases of execute and read.  For
   example, suppose a server cannot distinguish overwriting data from
   appending new data, as described in the previous paragraph.  If a
   client submits an ALLOW ACE where ACE4_APPEND_DATA is set but
   ACE4_WRITE_DATA is not (or vice versa), the server should either turn
   off ACE4_APPEND_DATA or reject the request with NFS4ERR_ATTRNOTSUPP.

6.2.1.3.2.  ACE4_DELETE versus ACE4_DELETE_CHILD

   Two access mask bits govern the ability to delete a directory entry:
   ACE4_DELETE on the object itself (the "target") and ACE4_DELETE_CHILD
   on the containing directory (the "parent").

   Many systems also take the "sticky bit" (MODE4_SVTX) on a directory
   to allow unlink only to a user that owns either the target or the
   parent; on some such systems, the decision also depends on whether
   the target is writable.

   Servers SHOULD allow unlink if either ACE4_DELETE is permitted on the
   target or ACE4_DELETE_CHILD is permitted on the parent.  (Note that
   this is true even if the parent or target explicitly denies the other
   of these permissions.)

   If the ACLs in question neither explicitly ALLOW nor DENY either of
   the above, and if MODE4_SVTX is not set on the parent, then the
   server SHOULD allow the removal if and only if ACE4_ADD_FILE is
   permitted.  In the case where MODE4_SVTX is set, the server may also
   require the remover to own either the parent or the target, or may
   require the target to be writable.

   This allows servers to support something close to traditional
   UNIX-like semantics, with ACE4_ADD_FILE taking the place of the
   write bit.

6.2.1.4.  ACE flag

   The bitmask constants used for the flag field are as follows:

   const ACE4_FILE_INHERIT_ACE             = 0x00000001;
   const ACE4_DIRECTORY_INHERIT_ACE        = 0x00000002;
   const ACE4_NO_PROPAGATE_INHERIT_ACE     = 0x00000004;
   const ACE4_INHERIT_ONLY_ACE             = 0x00000008;
   const ACE4_SUCCESSFUL_ACCESS_ACE_FLAG   = 0x00000010;
   const ACE4_FAILED_ACCESS_ACE_FLAG       = 0x00000020;
   const ACE4_IDENTIFIER_GROUP             = 0x00000040;

   A server need not support any of these flags.  If the server supports
   flags that are similar to, but not exactly the same as, these flags,
   the implementation may define a mapping between the protocol-defined
   flags and the implementation-defined flags.

   For example, suppose a client tries to set an ACE with
   ACE4_FILE_INHERIT_ACE set but not ACE4_DIRECTORY_INHERIT_ACE.  If the
   server does not support any form of ACL inheritance, the server
   should reject the request with NFS4ERR_ATTRNOTSUPP.  If the server

   supports a single "inherit ACE" flag that applies to both files and
   directories, the server may reject the request (i.e., requiring the
   client to set both the file and directory inheritance flags).  The
   server may also accept the request and silently turn on the
   ACE4_DIRECTORY_INHERIT_ACE flag.

6.2.1.4.1.  Discussion of Flag Bits

   ACE4_FILE_INHERIT_ACE
      Any non-directory file in any subdirectory will get this ACE
      inherited.

   ACE4_DIRECTORY_INHERIT_ACE
      Can be placed on a directory and indicates that this ACE should be
      added to each new directory created.
      If this flag is set in an ACE in an ACL attribute to be set on a
      non-directory file system object, the operation attempting to set
      the ACL SHOULD fail with NFS4ERR_ATTRNOTSUPP.

   ACE4_INHERIT_ONLY_ACE
      Can be placed on a directory but does not apply to the directory;
      ALLOW and DENY ACEs with this bit set do not affect access to the
      directory, and AUDIT and ALARM ACEs with this bit set do not
      trigger log or alarm events.  Such ACEs only take effect once they
      are applied (with this bit cleared) to newly created files and
      directories as specified by the above two flags.
      If this flag is present on an ACE, but neither
      ACE4_DIRECTORY_INHERIT_ACE nor ACE4_FILE_INHERIT_ACE is present,
      then an operation attempting to set such an attribute SHOULD fail
      with NFS4ERR_ATTRNOTSUPP.

   ACE4_NO_PROPAGATE_INHERIT_ACE
      Can be placed on a directory.  This flag tells the server that
      inheritance of this ACE should stop at newly created child
      directories.

   ACE4_SUCCESSFUL_ACCESS_ACE_FLAG

   ACE4_FAILED_ACCESS_ACE_FLAG
      The ACE4_SUCCESSFUL_ACCESS_ACE_FLAG (SUCCESS) and
      ACE4_FAILED_ACCESS_ACE_FLAG (FAILED) flag bits may be set only on
      ACE4_SYSTEM_AUDIT_ACE_TYPE (AUDIT) and ACE4_SYSTEM_ALARM_ACE_TYPE
      (ALARM) ACE types.  If, during the processing of the file's ACL,
      the server encounters an AUDIT or ALARM ACE that matches the
      principal attempting the OPEN, the server notes that fact and
      notes the presence, if any, of the SUCCESS and FAILED flags
      encountered in the AUDIT or ALARM ACE.  Once the server completes
      the ACL processing, it then notes if the operation succeeded or

      failed.  If the operation succeeded, and if the SUCCESS flag was
      set for a matching AUDIT or ALARM ACE, then the appropriate AUDIT
      or ALARM event occurs.  If the operation failed, and if the FAILED
      flag was set for the matching AUDIT or ALARM ACE, then the
      appropriate AUDIT or ALARM event occurs.  Either or both of the
      SUCCESS or FAILED can be set, but if neither is set, the AUDIT or
      ALARM ACE is not useful.

      The previously described processing applies to ACCESS operations
      even when they return NFS4_OK.  For the purposes of AUDIT and
      ALARM, we consider an ACCESS operation to be a "failure" if it
      fails to return a bit that was requested and supported.

   ACE4_IDENTIFIER_GROUP
      Indicates that the "who" refers to a GROUP as defined under UNIX
      or a GROUP ACCOUNT as defined under Windows.  Clients and servers
      MUST ignore the ACE4_IDENTIFIER_GROUP flag on ACEs with a who
      value equal to one of the special identifiers outlined in
      Section 6.2.1.5.

6.2.1.5.  ACE Who

   The who field of an ACE is an identifier that specifies the principal
   or principals to whom the ACE applies.  It may refer to a user or a
   group, with the flag bit ACE4_IDENTIFIER_GROUP specifying which.

   There are several special identifiers that need to be understood
   universally, rather than in the context of a particular DNS domain.
   Some of these identifiers cannot be understood when an NFS client
   accesses the server but have meaning when a local process accesses
   the file.  The ability to display and modify these permissions is
   permitted over NFS, even if none of the access methods on the server
   understand the identifiers.

   +---------------+---------------------------------------------------+
   | Who           | Description                                       |
   +---------------+---------------------------------------------------+
   | OWNER         | The owner of the file.                            |
   | GROUP         | The group associated with the file.               |
   | EVERYONE      | The world, including the owner and owning group.  |
   | INTERACTIVE   | Accessed from an interactive terminal.            |
   | NETWORK       | Accessed via the network.                         |
   | DIALUP        | Accessed as a dialup user to the server.          |
   | BATCH         | Accessed from a batch job.                        |
   | ANONYMOUS     | Accessed without any authentication.              |
   | AUTHENTICATED | Any authenticated user (opposite of ANONYMOUS).   |
   | SERVICE       | Access from a system service.                     |
   +---------------+---------------------------------------------------+

                       Table 5: Special Identifiers

   To avoid conflict, these special identifiers are distinguished by an
   appended "@" and should appear in the form "xxxx@" (with no domain
   name after the "@") -- for example, ANONYMOUS@.

   The ACE4_IDENTIFIER_GROUP flag MUST be ignored on entries with these
   special identifiers.  When encoding entries with these special
   identifiers, the ACE4_IDENTIFIER_GROUP flag SHOULD be set to zero.

6.2.1.5.1.  Discussion of EVERYONE@

   It is important to note that "EVERYONE@" is not equivalent to the
   UNIX "other" entity.  This is because, by definition, UNIX "other"
   does not include the owner or owning group of a file.  "EVERYONE@"
   means literally everyone, including the owner or owning group.

6.2.2.  Attribute 33: mode

   The NFSv4.0 mode attribute is based on the UNIX mode bits.  The
   following bits are defined:

   const MODE4_SUID = 0x800;  /* set user id on execution */
   const MODE4_SGID = 0x400;  /* set group id on execution */
   const MODE4_SVTX = 0x200;  /* save text even after use */
   const MODE4_RUSR = 0x100;  /* read permission: owner */
   const MODE4_WUSR = 0x080;  /* write permission: owner */
   const MODE4_XUSR = 0x040;  /* execute permission: owner */
   const MODE4_RGRP = 0x020;  /* read permission: group */
   const MODE4_WGRP = 0x010;  /* write permission: group */
   const MODE4_XGRP = 0x008;  /* execute permission: group */

   const MODE4_ROTH = 0x004;  /* read permission: other */
   const MODE4_WOTH = 0x002;  /* write permission: other */
   const MODE4_XOTH = 0x001;  /* execute permission: other */

   Bits MODE4_RUSR, MODE4_WUSR, and MODE4_XUSR apply to the principal
   identified in the owner attribute.  Bits MODE4_RGRP, MODE4_WGRP, and
   MODE4_XGRP apply to principals identified in the owner_group
   attribute but who are not identified in the owner attribute.  Bits
   MODE4_ROTH, MODE4_WOTH, and MODE4_XOTH apply to any principal that
   does not match that in the owner attribute and does not have a group
   matching that of the owner_group attribute.

   Bits within the mode other than those specified above are not defined
   by this protocol.  A server MUST NOT return bits other than those
   defined above in a GETATTR or READDIR operation, and it MUST return
   NFS4ERR_INVAL if bits other than those defined above are set in a
   SETATTR, CREATE, OPEN, VERIFY, or NVERIFY operation.

6.3.  Common Methods

   The requirements in this section will be referred to in future
   sections, especially Section 6.4.

6.3.1.  Interpreting an ACL

6.3.1.1.  Server Considerations

   The server uses the algorithm described in Section 6.2.1 to determine
   whether an ACL allows access to an object.  However, the ACL may not
   be the sole determiner of access.  For example:

   o  In the case of a file system exported as read-only, the server may
      deny write permissions even though an object's ACL grants it.

   o  Server implementations MAY grant ACE4_WRITE_ACL and ACE4_READ_ACL
      permissions to prevent a situation from arising in which there is
      no valid way to ever modify the ACL.

   o  All servers will allow a user the ability to read the data of the
      file when only the execute permission is granted (i.e., if the ACL
      denies the user ACE4_READ_DATA access and allows the user
      ACE4_EXECUTE, the server will allow the user to read the data of
      the file).

   o  Many servers have the notion of owner-override, in which the owner
      of the object is allowed to override accesses that are denied by
      the ACL.  This may be helpful, for example, to allow users
      continued access to open files on which the permissions have
      changed.

   o  Many servers have the notion of a "superuser" that has privileges
      beyond an ordinary user.  The superuser may be able to read or
      write data or metadata in ways that would not be permitted by
      the ACL.

6.3.1.2.  Client Considerations

   Clients SHOULD NOT do their own access checks based on their
   interpretation of the ACL but rather use the OPEN and ACCESS
   operations to do access checks.  This allows the client to act on the
   results of having the server determine whether or not access should
   be granted based on its interpretation of the ACL.

   Clients must be aware of situations in which an object's ACL will
   define a certain access even though the server will not have adequate
   information to enforce it.  For example, the server has no way of
   determining whether a particular OPEN reflects a user's open for read
   access or is done as part of executing the file in question.  In such
   situations, the client needs to do its part in the enforcement of
   access as defined by the ACL.  To do this, the client will send the
   appropriate ACCESS operation (or use a cached previous determination)
   prior to servicing the request of the user or application in order to
   determine whether the user or application should be granted the
   access requested.  For examples in which the ACL may define accesses
   that the server does not enforce, see Section 6.3.1.1.

6.3.2.  Computing a mode Attribute from an ACL

   The following method can be used to calculate the MODE4_R*, MODE4_W*,
   and MODE4_X* bits of a mode attribute, based upon an ACL.

   First, for each of the special identifiers OWNER@, GROUP@, and
   EVERYONE@, evaluate the ACL in order, considering only ALLOW and DENY
   ACEs for the identifier EVERYONE@ and for the identifier under
   consideration.  The result of the evaluation will be an NFSv4 ACL
   mask showing exactly which bits are permitted to that identifier.

   Then translate the calculated mask for OWNER@, GROUP@, and EVERYONE@
   into mode bits for the user, group, and other, respectively, as
   follows:

   1.  Set the read bit (MODE4_RUSR, MODE4_RGRP, or MODE4_ROTH) if and
       only if ACE4_READ_DATA is set in the corresponding mask.

   2.  Set the write bit (MODE4_WUSR, MODE4_WGRP, or MODE4_WOTH) if and
       only if ACE4_WRITE_DATA and ACE4_APPEND_DATA are both set in the
       corresponding mask.

   3.  Set the execute bit (MODE4_XUSR, MODE4_XGRP, or MODE4_XOTH), if
       and only if ACE4_EXECUTE is set in the corresponding mask.

6.3.2.1.  Discussion

   Some server implementations also add bits permitted to named users
   and groups to the group bits (MODE4_RGRP, MODE4_WGRP, and
   MODE4_XGRP).

   Implementations are discouraged from doing this, because it has been
   found to cause confusion for users who see members of a file's group
   denied access that the mode bits appear to allow.  (The presence of
   DENY ACEs may also lead to such behavior, but DENY ACEs are expected
   to be more rarely used.)

   The same user confusion seen when fetching the mode also results if
   setting the mode does not effectively control permissions for the
   owner, group, and other users; this motivates some of the
   requirements that follow.

6.4.  Requirements

   The server that supports both mode and ACL must take care to
   synchronize the MODE4_*USR, MODE4_*GRP, and MODE4_*OTH bits with the
   ACEs that have respective who fields of "OWNER@", "GROUP@", and
   "EVERYONE@" so that the client can see that semantically equivalent
   access permissions exist whether the client asks for just the ACL or
   any of the owner, owner_group, and mode attributes.

   Many requirements refer to Section 6.3.2, but note that the methods
   have behaviors specified with "SHOULD".  This is intentional, to
   avoid invalidating existing implementations that compute the mode
   according to the withdrawn POSIX ACL draft ([P1003.1e]), rather than
   by actual permissions on owner, group, and other.

6.4.1.  Setting the mode and/or ACL Attributes

6.4.1.1.  Setting mode and Not ACL

   When any of the nine low-order mode bits are changed because the mode
   attribute was set, and no ACL attribute is explicitly set, the acl
   attribute must be modified in accordance with the updated value of
   those bits.  This must happen even if the value of the low-order bits
   is the same after the mode is set as before.

   Note that any AUDIT or ALARM ACEs are unaffected by changes to the
   mode.

   In cases in which the permissions bits are subject to change, the acl
   attribute MUST be modified such that the mode computed via the method
   described in Section 6.3.2 yields the low-order nine bits (MODE4_R*,
   MODE4_W*, MODE4_X*) of the mode attribute as modified by the change
   attribute.  The ACL attributes SHOULD also be modified such that:

   1.  If MODE4_RGRP is not set, entities explicitly listed in the ACL
       other than OWNER@ and EVERYONE@ SHOULD NOT be granted
       ACE4_READ_DATA.

   2.  If MODE4_WGRP is not set, entities explicitly listed in the ACL
       other than OWNER@ and EVERYONE@ SHOULD NOT be granted
       ACE4_WRITE_DATA or ACE4_APPEND_DATA.

   3.  If MODE4_XGRP is not set, entities explicitly listed in the ACL
       other than OWNER@ and EVERYONE@ SHOULD NOT be granted
       ACE4_EXECUTE.

   Access mask bits other than those listed above, appearing in ALLOW
   ACEs, MAY also be disabled.

   Note that ACEs with the flag ACE4_INHERIT_ONLY_ACE set do not affect
   the permissions of the ACL itself, nor do ACEs of the types AUDIT and
   ALARM.  As such, it is desirable to leave these ACEs unmodified when
   modifying the ACL attributes.

   Also note that the requirement may be met by discarding the acl in
   favor of an ACL that represents the mode and only the mode.  This is
   permitted, but it is preferable for a server to preserve as much of
   the ACL as possible without violating the above requirements.
   Discarding the ACL makes it effectively impossible for a file created
   with a mode attribute to inherit an ACL (see Section 6.4.3).

6.4.1.2.  Setting ACL and Not mode

   When setting the acl and not setting the mode attribute, the
   permission bits of the mode need to be derived from the ACL.  In this
   case, the ACL attribute SHOULD be set as given.  The nine low-order
   bits of the mode attribute (MODE4_R*, MODE4_W*, MODE4_X*) MUST be
   modified to match the result of the method described in
   Section 6.3.2.  The three high-order bits of the mode (MODE4_SUID,
   MODE4_SGID, MODE4_SVTX) SHOULD remain unchanged.

6.4.1.3.  Setting Both ACL and mode

   When setting both the mode and the acl attribute in the same
   operation, the attributes MUST be applied in this order: mode, then
   ACL.  The mode-related attribute is set as given, then the ACL
   attribute is set as given, possibly changing the final mode, as
   described above in Section 6.4.1.2.

6.4.2.  Retrieving the mode and/or ACL Attributes

   This section applies only to servers that support both the mode and
   ACL attributes.

   Some server implementations may have a concept of "objects without
   ACLs", meaning that all permissions are granted and denied according
   to the mode attribute, and that no ACL attribute is stored for that
   object.  If an ACL attribute is requested of such a server, the
   server SHOULD return an ACL that does not conflict with the mode;
   that is to say, the ACL returned SHOULD represent the nine low-order
   bits of the mode attribute (MODE4_R*, MODE4_W*, MODE4_X*) as
   described in Section 6.3.2.

   For other server implementations, the ACL attribute is always present
   for every object.  Such servers SHOULD store at least the three
   high-order bits of the mode attribute (MODE4_SUID, MODE4_SGID,
   MODE4_SVTX).  The server SHOULD return a mode attribute if one is
   requested, and the low-order nine bits of the mode (MODE4_R*,
   MODE4_W*, MODE4_X*) MUST match the result of applying the method in
   Section 6.3.2 to the ACL attribute.

6.4.3.  Creating New Objects

   If a server supports any ACL attributes, it may use the ACL
   attributes on the parent directory to compute an initial ACL
   attribute for a newly created object.  This will be referred to as
   the inherited ACL within this section.  The act of adding one or more

   ACEs to the inherited ACL that are based upon ACEs in the parent
   directory's ACL will be referred to as inheriting an ACE within this
   section.

   In the presence or absence of the mode and ACL attributes, the
   behavior of CREATE and OPEN SHOULD be:

   1.  If just the mode is given in the call:

       In this case, inheritance SHOULD take place, but the mode MUST be
       applied to the inherited ACL as described in Section 6.4.1.1,
       thereby modifying the ACL.

   2.  If just the ACL is given in the call:

       In this case, inheritance SHOULD NOT take place, and the ACL as
       defined in the CREATE or OPEN will be set without modification,
       and the mode modified as in Section 6.4.1.2.

   3.  If both mode and ACL are given in the call:

       In this case, inheritance SHOULD NOT take place, and both
       attributes will be set as described in Section 6.4.1.3.

   4.  If neither mode nor ACL is given in the call:

       In the case where an object is being created without any initial
       attributes at all, e.g., an OPEN operation with an opentype4 of
       OPEN4_CREATE and a createmode4 of EXCLUSIVE4, inheritance SHOULD
       NOT take place.  Instead, the server SHOULD set permissions to
       deny all access to the newly created object.  It is expected that
       the appropriate client will set the desired attributes in a
       subsequent SETATTR operation, and the server SHOULD allow that
       operation to succeed, regardless of what permissions the object
       is created with.  For example, an empty ACL denies all
       permissions, but the server should allow the owner's SETATTR to
       succeed even though WRITE_ACL is implicitly denied.

       In other cases, inheritance SHOULD take place, and no
       modifications to the ACL will happen.  The mode attribute, if
       supported, MUST be as computed via the method described in
       Section 6.3.2, with the MODE4_SUID, MODE4_SGID, and MODE4_SVTX
       bits clear.  If no inheritable ACEs exist on the parent
       directory, the rules for creating acl attributes are
       implementation defined.

6.4.3.1.  The Inherited ACL

   If the object being created is not a directory, the inherited ACL
   SHOULD NOT inherit ACEs from the parent directory ACL unless the
   ACE4_FILE_INHERIT_FLAG is set.

   If the object being created is a directory, the inherited ACL should
   inherit all inheritable ACEs from the parent directory, i.e., those
   that have the ACE4_FILE_INHERIT_ACE or ACE4_DIRECTORY_INHERIT_ACE
   flag set.  If the inheritable ACE has ACE4_FILE_INHERIT_ACE set, but
   ACE4_DIRECTORY_INHERIT_ACE is clear, the inherited ACE on the newly
   created directory MUST have the ACE4_INHERIT_ONLY_ACE flag set to
   prevent the directory from being affected by ACEs meant for
   non-directories.

   When a new directory is created, the server MAY split any inherited
   ACE that is both inheritable and effective (in other words, that has
   neither ACE4_INHERIT_ONLY_ACE nor ACE4_NO_PROPAGATE_INHERIT_ACE set)
   into two ACEs -- one with no inheritance flags, and one with
   ACE4_INHERIT_ONLY_ACE set.  This makes it simpler to modify the
   effective permissions on the directory without modifying the ACE that
   is to be inherited to the new directory's children.

7.  NFS Server Namespace

7.1.  Server Exports

   On a UNIX server, the namespace describes all the files reachable by
   pathnames under the root directory or "/".  On a Windows server, the
   namespace constitutes all the files on disks named by mapped disk
   letters.  NFS server administrators rarely make the entire server's
   file system namespace available to NFS clients.  More often, portions
   of the namespace are made available via an "export" feature.  In
   previous versions of the NFS protocol, the root filehandle for each
   export is obtained through the MOUNT protocol; the client sends a
   string that identifies an object in the exported namespace, and the
   server returns the root filehandle for it.  The MOUNT protocol
   supports an EXPORTS procedure that will enumerate the server's
   exports.

7.2.  Browsing Exports

   The NFSv4 protocol provides a root filehandle that clients can use to
   obtain filehandles for these exports via a multi-component LOOKUP.  A
   common user experience is to use a graphical user interface (perhaps
   a file "Open" dialog window) to find a file via progressive browsing

   through a directory tree.  The client must be able to move from one
   export to another export via single-component, progressive LOOKUP
   operations.

   This style of browsing is not well supported by the NFSv2 and NFSv3
   protocols.  The client expects all LOOKUP operations to remain within
   a single-server file system.  For example, the device attribute will
   not change.  This prevents a client from taking namespace paths that
   span exports.

   An automounter on the client can obtain a snapshot of the server's
   namespace using the EXPORTS procedure of the MOUNT protocol.  If it
   understands the server's pathname syntax, it can create an image of
   the server's namespace on the client.  The parts of the namespace
   that are not exported by the server are filled in with a "pseudo-file
   system" that allows the user to browse from one mounted file system
   to another.  There is a drawback to this representation of the
   server's namespace on the client: it is static.  If the server
   administrator adds a new export, the client will be unaware of it.

7.3.  Server Pseudo-File System

   NFSv4 servers avoid this namespace inconsistency by presenting all
   the exports within the framework of a single-server namespace.  An
   NFSv4 client uses LOOKUP and READDIR operations to browse seamlessly
   from one export to another.  Portions of the server namespace that
   are not exported are bridged via a "pseudo-file system" that provides
   a view of exported directories only.  A pseudo-file system has a
   unique fsid and behaves like a normal, read-only file system.

   Based on the construction of the server's namespace, it is possible
   that multiple pseudo-file systems may exist.  For example:

     /a         pseudo-file system
     /a/b       real file system
     /a/b/c     pseudo-file system
     /a/b/c/d   real file system

   Each of the pseudo-file systems are considered separate entities and
   therefore will have a unique fsid.

7.4.  Multiple Roots

   The DOS and Windows operating environments are sometimes described as
   having "multiple roots".  File systems are commonly represented as
   disk letters.  MacOS represents file systems as top-level names.
   NFSv4 servers for these platforms can construct a pseudo-file system
   above these root names so that disk letters or volume names are
   simply directory names in the pseudo-root.

7.5.  Filehandle Volatility

   The nature of the server's pseudo-file system is that it is a logical
   representation of file system(s) available from the server.
   Therefore, the pseudo-file system is most likely constructed
   dynamically when the server is first instantiated.  It is expected
   that the pseudo-file system may not have an on-disk counterpart from
   which persistent filehandles could be constructed.  Even though it is
   preferable that the server provide persistent filehandles for the
   pseudo-file system, the NFS client should expect that pseudo-file
   system filehandles are volatile.  This can be confirmed by checking
   the associated "fh_expire_type" attribute for those filehandles in
   question.  If the filehandles are volatile, the NFS client must be
   prepared to recover a filehandle value (e.g., with a multi-component
   LOOKUP) when receiving an error of NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED.

7.6.  Exported Root

   If the server's root file system is exported, one might conclude that
   a pseudo-file system is not needed.  This would be wrong.  Assume the
   following file systems on a server:

     /       disk1  (exported)
     /a      disk2  (not exported)
     /a/b    disk3  (exported)

   Because disk2 is not exported, disk3 cannot be reached with simple
   LOOKUPs.  The server must bridge the gap with a pseudo-file system.

7.7.  Mount Point Crossing

   The server file system environment may be constructed in such a way
   that one file system contains a directory that is 'covered' or
   mounted upon by a second file system.  For example:

     /a/b            (file system 1)
     /a/b/c/d        (file system 2)

   The pseudo-file system for this server may be constructed to
   look like:

     /               (placeholder/not exported)
     /a/b            (file system 1)
     /a/b/c/d        (file system 2)

   It is the server's responsibility to present the pseudo-file system
   that is complete to the client.  If the client sends a LOOKUP request
   for the path "/a/b/c/d", the server's response is the filehandle of
   the file system "/a/b/c/d".  In previous versions of the NFS
   protocol, the server would respond with the filehandle of directory
   "/a/b/c/d" within the file system "/a/b".

   The NFS client will be able to determine if it crosses a server mount
   point by a change in the value of the "fsid" attribute.

7.8.  Security Policy and Namespace Presentation

   Because NFSv4 clients possess the ability to change the security
   mechanisms used, after determining what is allowed, by using SECINFO
   the server SHOULD NOT present a different view of the namespace based
   on the security mechanism being used by a client.  Instead, it should
   present a consistent view and return NFS4ERR_WRONGSEC if an attempt
   is made to access data with an inappropriate security mechanism.

   If security considerations make it necessary to hide the existence of
   a particular file system, as opposed to all of the data within it,
   the server can apply the security policy of a shared resource in the
   server's namespace to components of the resource's ancestors.  For
   example:

       /                       (placeholder/not exported)
       /a/b                    (file system 1)
       /a/b/MySecretProject    (file system 2)

   The /a/b/MySecretProject directory is a real file system and is the
   shared resource.  Suppose the security policy for /a/b/
   MySecretProject is Kerberos with integrity and it is desired to limit
   knowledge of the existence of this file system.  In this case, the
   server should apply the same security policy to /a/b.  This allows
   for knowledge of the existence of a file system to be secured when
   desirable.

   For the case of the use of multiple, disjoint security mechanisms in
   the server's resources, applying that sort of policy would result in
   the higher-level file system not being accessible using any security

   flavor.  Therefore, that sort of configuration is not compatible with
   hiding the existence (as opposed to the contents) from clients using
   multiple disjoint sets of security flavors.

   In other circumstances, a desirable policy is for the security of a
   particular object in the server's namespace to include the union of
   all security mechanisms of all direct descendants.  A common and
   convenient practice, unless strong security requirements dictate
   otherwise, is to make the entire pseudo-file system accessible by all
   of the valid security mechanisms.

   Where there is concern about the security of data on the network,
   clients should use strong security mechanisms to access the
   pseudo-file system in order to prevent man-in-the-middle attacks.