Appendix A.  Nodeprep

A.1.  Introduction

   This appendix defines the "Nodeprep" profile of [STRINGPREP].  As
   such, it specifies processing rules that will enable users to enter
   internationalized node identifiers in the Extensible Messaging and
   Presence Protocol (XMPP) and have the highest chance of getting the
   content of the strings correct.  (An XMPP node identifier is the
   optional portion of an XMPP address that precedes a domain identifier
   and the '@' separator; it is often but not exclusively associated
   with an instant messaging username.)  These processing rules are
   intended only for XMPP node identifiers and are not intended for
   arbitrary text or any other aspect of an XMPP address.

   This profile defines the following, as required by [STRINGPREP]:

   o  The intended applicability of the profile: internationalized node
      identifiers within XMPP
   o  The character repertoire that is the input and output to
      stringprep: Unicode 3.2, specified in Section 2 of this Appendix
   o  The mappings used: specified in Section 3
   o  The Unicode normalization used: specified in Section 4
   o  The characters that are prohibited as output: specified in Section
      5
   o  Bidirectional character handling: specified in Section 6

A.2.  Character Repertoire

   This profile uses Unicode 3.2 with the list of unassigned code points
   being Table A.1, both defined in Appendix A of [STRINGPREP].

A.3.  Mapping

   This profile specifies mapping using the following tables from
   [STRINGPREP]:

      Table B.1
      Table B.2

A.4.  Normalization

   This profile specifies the use of Unicode normalization form KC, as
   described in [STRINGPREP].

A.5.  Prohibited Output

   This profile specifies the prohibition of using the following tables
   from [STRINGPREP].

      Table C.1.1
      Table C.1.2
      Table C.2.1
      Table C.2.2
      Table C.3
      Table C.4
      Table C.5
      Table C.6
      Table C.7
      Table C.8
      Table C.9

   In addition, the following Unicode characters are also prohibited:

      #x22 (")
      #x26 (&)
      #x27 (')
      #x2F (/)
      #x3A (:)
      #x3C (<)
      #x3E (>)
      #x40 (@)

A.6.  Bidirectional Characters

   This profile specifies the checking of bidirectional strings, as
   described in Section 6 of [STRINGPREP].

Appendix B.  Resourceprep

B.1.  Introduction

   This appendix defines the "Resourceprep" profile of [STRINGPREP].  As
   such, it specifies processing rules that will enable users to enter
   internationalized resource identifiers in the Extensible Messaging
   and Presence Protocol (XMPP) and have the highest chance of getting
   the content of the strings correct.  (An XMPP resource identifier is
   the optional portion of an XMPP address that follows a domain
   identifier and the '/' separator; it is often but not exclusively
   associated with an instant messaging session name.)  These processing
   rules are intended only for XMPP resource identifiers and are not
   intended for arbitrary text or any other aspect of an XMPP address.

   This profile defines the following, as required by [STRINGPREP]:

   o  The intended applicability of the profile: internationalized
      resource identifiers within XMPP

   o  The character repertoire that is the input and output to
      stringprep: Unicode 3.2, specified in Section 2 of this Appendix

   o  The mappings used: specified in Section 3

   o  The Unicode normalization used: specified in Section 4

   o  The characters that are prohibited as output: specified in Section
      5

   o  Bidirectional character handling: specified in Section 6

B.2.  Character Repertoire

   This profile uses Unicode 3.2 with the list of unassigned code points
   being Table A.1, both defined in Appendix A of [STRINGPREP].

B.3.  Mapping

   This profile specifies mapping using the following tables from
   [STRINGPREP]:

      Table B.1

B.4.  Normalization

   This profile specifies using Unicode normalization form KC, as
   described in [STRINGPREP].

B.5.  Prohibited Output

   This profile specifies prohibiting use of the following tables from
   [STRINGPREP].

      Table C.1.2
      Table C.2.1
      Table C.2.2
      Table C.3
      Table C.4
      Table C.5
      Table C.6
      Table C.7
      Table C.8
      Table C.9

B.6.  Bidirectional Characters

   This profile specifies checking bidirectional strings as described in
   Section 6 of [STRINGPREP].

Appendix C.  XML Schemas

   The following XML schemas are descriptive, not normative.  For
   schemas defining the 'jabber:client' and 'jabber:server' namespaces,
   refer to [XMPP-IM].

C.1.  Streams namespace

   <?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>

   <xs:schema
       xmlns:xs='http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema'
       targetNamespace='http://etherx.jabber.org/streams'
       xmlns='http://etherx.jabber.org/streams'
       elementFormDefault='unqualified'>

     <xs:element name='stream'>
       <xs:complexType>
         <xs:sequence xmlns:client='jabber:client'
                      xmlns:server='jabber:server'
                      xmlns:db='jabber:server:dialback'>
           <xs:element ref='features' minOccurs='0' maxOccurs='1'/>
           <xs:any namespace='urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:xmpp-tls'
                   minOccurs='0'
                   maxOccurs='unbounded'/>
           <xs:any namespace='urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:xmpp-sasl'
                   minOccurs='0'

                   maxOccurs='unbounded'/>
           <xs:choice minOccurs='0' maxOccurs='1'>
             <xs:choice minOccurs='0' maxOccurs='unbounded'>
               <xs:element ref='client:message'/>
               <xs:element ref='client:presence'/>
               <xs:element ref='client:iq'/>
             </xs:choice>
             <xs:choice minOccurs='0' maxOccurs='unbounded'>
               <xs:element ref='server:message'/>
               <xs:element ref='server:presence'/>
               <xs:element ref='server:iq'/>
               <xs:element ref='db:result'/>
               <xs:element ref='db:verify'/>
             </xs:choice>
           </xs:choice>
           <xs:element ref='error' minOccurs='0' maxOccurs='1'/>
         </xs:sequence>
         <xs:attribute name='from' type='xs:string' use='optional'/>
         <xs:attribute name='id' type='xs:NMTOKEN' use='optional'/>
         <xs:attribute name='to' type='xs:string' use='optional'/>
         <xs:attribute name='version' type='xs:decimal' use='optional'/>
         <xs:attribute ref='xml:lang' use='optional'/>
       </xs:complexType>
     </xs:element>

     <xs:element name='features'>
       <xs:complexType>
         <xs:all xmlns:tls='urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:xmpp-tls'
                 xmlns:sasl='urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:xmpp-sasl'
                 xmlns:bind='urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:xmpp-bind'
                 xmlns:sess='urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:xmpp-session'>
           <xs:element ref='tls:starttls' minOccurs='0'/>
           <xs:element ref='sasl:mechanisms' minOccurs='0'/>
           <xs:element ref='bind:bind' minOccurs='0'/>
           <xs:element ref='sess:session' minOccurs='0'/>
         </xs:all>
       </xs:complexType>
     </xs:element>

     <xs:element name='error'>
       <xs:complexType>
         <xs:sequence  xmlns:err='urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:xmpp-streams'>
           <xs:group   ref='err:streamErrorGroup'/>
           <xs:element ref='err:text'
                       minOccurs='0'
                       maxOccurs='1'/>
         </xs:sequence>
       </xs:complexType>

     </xs:element>

   </xs:schema>

C.2.  Stream error namespace

   <?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>

   <xs:schema
       xmlns:xs='http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema'
       targetNamespace='urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:xmpp-streams'
       xmlns='urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:xmpp-streams'
       elementFormDefault='qualified'>

     <xs:element name='bad-format' type='empty'/>
     <xs:element name='bad-namespace-prefix' type='empty'/>
     <xs:element name='conflict' type='empty'/>
     <xs:element name='connection-timeout' type='empty'/>
     <xs:element name='host-gone' type='empty'/>
     <xs:element name='host-unknown' type='empty'/>
     <xs:element name='improper-addressing' type='empty'/>
     <xs:element name='internal-server-error' type='empty'/>
     <xs:element name='invalid-from' type='empty'/>
     <xs:element name='invalid-id' type='empty'/>
     <xs:element name='invalid-namespace' type='empty'/>
     <xs:element name='invalid-xml' type='empty'/>
     <xs:element name='not-authorized' type='empty'/>
     <xs:element name='policy-violation' type='empty'/>
     <xs:element name='remote-connection-failed' type='empty'/>
     <xs:element name='resource-constraint' type='empty'/>
     <xs:element name='restricted-xml' type='empty'/>
     <xs:element name='see-other-host' type='xs:string'/>
     <xs:element name='system-shutdown' type='empty'/>
     <xs:element name='undefined-condition' type='empty'/>
     <xs:element name='unsupported-encoding' type='empty'/>
     <xs:element name='unsupported-stanza-type' type='empty'/>
     <xs:element name='unsupported-version' type='empty'/>
     <xs:element name='xml-not-well-formed' type='empty'/>

     <xs:group name='streamErrorGroup'>
       <xs:choice>
         <xs:element ref='bad-format'/>
         <xs:element ref='bad-namespace-prefix'/>
         <xs:element ref='conflict'/>
         <xs:element ref='connection-timeout'/>
         <xs:element ref='host-gone'/>
         <xs:element ref='host-unknown'/>
         <xs:element ref='improper-addressing'/>

         <xs:element ref='internal-server-error'/>
         <xs:element ref='invalid-from'/>
         <xs:element ref='invalid-id'/>
         <xs:element ref='invalid-namespace'/>
         <xs:element ref='invalid-xml'/>
         <xs:element ref='not-authorized'/>
         <xs:element ref='policy-violation'/>
         <xs:element ref='remote-connection-failed'/>
         <xs:element ref='resource-constraint'/>
         <xs:element ref='restricted-xml'/>
         <xs:element ref='see-other-host'/>
         <xs:element ref='system-shutdown'/>
         <xs:element ref='undefined-condition'/>
         <xs:element ref='unsupported-encoding'/>
         <xs:element ref='unsupported-stanza-type'/>
         <xs:element ref='unsupported-version'/>
         <xs:element ref='xml-not-well-formed'/>
       </xs:choice>
     </xs:group>

     <xs:element name='text'>
       <xs:complexType>
         <xs:simpleContent>
           <xs:extension base='xs:string'>
             <xs:attribute ref='xml:lang' use='optional'/>
           </xs:extension>
         </xs:simpleContent>
       </xs:complexType>
     </xs:element>

     <xs:simpleType name='empty'>
       <xs:restriction base='xs:string'>
         <xs:enumeration value=''/>
       </xs:restriction>
     </xs:simpleType>

   </xs:schema>

C.3.  TLS namespace

   <?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>

   <xs:schema
       xmlns:xs='http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema'
       targetNamespace='urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:xmpp-tls'
       xmlns='urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:xmpp-tls'
       elementFormDefault='qualified'>

     <xs:element name='starttls'>
       <xs:complexType>
         <xs:sequence>
           <xs:element
               name='required'
               minOccurs='0'
               maxOccurs='1'
               type='empty'/>
         </xs:sequence>
       </xs:complexType>
     </xs:element>

     <xs:element name='proceed' type='empty'/>
     <xs:element name='failure' type='empty'/>

     <xs:simpleType name='empty'>
       <xs:restriction base='xs:string'>
         <xs:enumeration value=''/>
       </xs:restriction>
     </xs:simpleType>

   </xs:schema>

C.4.  SASL namespace

   <?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>

   <xs:schema
       xmlns:xs='http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema'
       targetNamespace='urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:xmpp-sasl'
       xmlns='urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:xmpp-sasl'
       elementFormDefault='qualified'>

     <xs:element name='mechanisms'>
       <xs:complexType>
         <xs:sequence>
           <xs:element name='mechanism'
                       maxOccurs='unbounded'
                       type='xs:string'/>
         </xs:sequence>
       </xs:complexType>
     </xs:element>

     <xs:element name='auth'>
       <xs:complexType>
         <xs:simpleContent>
           <xs:extension base='empty'>
             <xs:attribute name='mechanism'

                           type='xs:string'
                           use='optional'/>
           </xs:extension>
         </xs:simpleContent>
       </xs:complexType>
     </xs:element>

     <xs:element name='challenge' type='xs:string'/>
     <xs:element name='response' type='xs:string'/>
     <xs:element name='abort' type='empty'/>
     <xs:element name='success' type='empty'/>

     <xs:element name='failure'>
       <xs:complexType>
         <xs:choice minOccurs='0'>
           <xs:element name='aborted' type='empty'/>
           <xs:element name='incorrect-encoding' type='empty'/>
           <xs:element name='invalid-authzid' type='empty'/>
           <xs:element name='invalid-mechanism' type='empty'/>
           <xs:element name='mechanism-too-weak' type='empty'/>
           <xs:element name='not-authorized' type='empty'/>
           <xs:element name='temporary-auth-failure' type='empty'/>
         </xs:choice>
       </xs:complexType>
     </xs:element>
     <xs:simpleType name='empty'>
       <xs:restriction base='xs:string'>
         <xs:enumeration value=''/>
       </xs:restriction>
     </xs:simpleType>

   </xs:schema>

C.5.  Resource binding namespace

   <?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>

   <xs:schema
       xmlns:xs='http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema'
       targetNamespace='urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:xmpp-bind'
       xmlns='urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:xmpp-bind'
       elementFormDefault='qualified'>

     <xs:element name='bind'>
       <xs:complexType>
         <xs:choice minOccurs='0' maxOccurs='1'>
           <xs:element name='resource' type='xs:string'/>
           <xs:element name='jid' type='xs:string'/>

         </xs:choice>
       </xs:complexType>
     </xs:element>

   </xs:schema>

C.6.  Dialback namespace

   <?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>

   <xs:schema
       xmlns:xs='http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema'
       targetNamespace='jabber:server:dialback'
       xmlns='jabber:server:dialback'
       elementFormDefault='qualified'>

     <xs:element name='result'>
       <xs:complexType>
         <xs:simpleContent>
           <xs:extension base='xs:token'>
             <xs:attribute name='from' type='xs:string' use='required'/>
             <xs:attribute name='to' type='xs:string' use='required'/>
             <xs:attribute name='type' use='optional'>
               <xs:simpleType>
                 <xs:restriction base='xs:NCName'>
                   <xs:enumeration value='invalid'/>
                   <xs:enumeration value='valid'/>
                 </xs:restriction>
               </xs:simpleType>
             </xs:attribute>
           </xs:extension>
         </xs:simpleContent>
       </xs:complexType>
     </xs:element>

     <xs:element name='verify'>
       <xs:complexType>
         <xs:simpleContent>
           <xs:extension base='xs:token'>
             <xs:attribute name='from' type='xs:string' use='required'/>
             <xs:attribute name='id' type='xs:NMTOKEN' use='required'/>
             <xs:attribute name='to' type='xs:string' use='required'/>
             <xs:attribute name='type' use='optional'>
               <xs:simpleType>
                 <xs:restriction base='xs:NCName'>
                   <xs:enumeration value='invalid'/>
                   <xs:enumeration value='valid'/>
                 </xs:restriction>

               </xs:simpleType>
             </xs:attribute>
           </xs:extension>
         </xs:simpleContent>
       </xs:complexType>
     </xs:element>

   </xs:schema>

C.7.  Stanza error namespace

   <?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>

   <xs:schema
       xmlns:xs='http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema'
       targetNamespace='urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:xmpp-stanzas'
       xmlns='urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:xmpp-stanzas'
       elementFormDefault='qualified'>

     <xs:element name='bad-request' type='empty'/>
     <xs:element name='conflict' type='empty'/>
     <xs:element name='feature-not-implemented' type='empty'/>
     <xs:element name='forbidden' type='empty'/>
     <xs:element name='gone' type='xs:string'/>
     <xs:element name='internal-server-error' type='empty'/>
     <xs:element name='item-not-found' type='empty'/>
     <xs:element name='jid-malformed' type='empty'/>
     <xs:element name='not-acceptable' type='empty'/>
     <xs:element name='not-allowed' type='empty'/>
     <xs:element name='payment-required' type='empty'/>
     <xs:element name='recipient-unavailable' type='empty'/>
     <xs:element name='redirect' type='xs:string'/>
     <xs:element name='registration-required' type='empty'/>
     <xs:element name='remote-server-not-found' type='empty'/>
     <xs:element name='remote-server-timeout' type='empty'/>
     <xs:element name='resource-constraint' type='empty'/>
     <xs:element name='service-unavailable' type='empty'/>
     <xs:element name='subscription-required' type='empty'/>
     <xs:element name='undefined-condition' type='empty'/>
     <xs:element name='unexpected-request' type='empty'/>

     <xs:group name='stanzaErrorGroup'>
       <xs:choice>
         <xs:element ref='bad-request'/>
         <xs:element ref='conflict'/>
         <xs:element ref='feature-not-implemented'/>
         <xs:element ref='forbidden'/>
         <xs:element ref='gone'/>

         <xs:element ref='internal-server-error'/>
         <xs:element ref='item-not-found'/>
         <xs:element ref='jid-malformed'/>
         <xs:element ref='not-acceptable'/>
         <xs:element ref='not-allowed'/>
         <xs:element ref='payment-required'/>
         <xs:element ref='recipient-unavailable'/>
         <xs:element ref='redirect'/>
         <xs:element ref='registration-required'/>
         <xs:element ref='remote-server-not-found'/>
         <xs:element ref='remote-server-timeout'/>
         <xs:element ref='resource-constraint'/>
         <xs:element ref='service-unavailable'/>
         <xs:element ref='subscription-required'/>
         <xs:element ref='undefined-condition'/>
         <xs:element ref='unexpected-request'/>
       </xs:choice>
     </xs:group>

     <xs:element name='text'>
       <xs:complexType>
         <xs:simpleContent>
           <xs:extension base='xs:string'>
             <xs:attribute ref='xml:lang' use='optional'/>
           </xs:extension>
         </xs:simpleContent>
       </xs:complexType>
     </xs:element>

     <xs:simpleType name='empty'>
       <xs:restriction base='xs:string'>
         <xs:enumeration value=''/>
       </xs:restriction>
     </xs:simpleType>

   </xs:schema>

Appendix D.  Differences Between Core Jabber Protocols and XMPP

   This section is non-normative.

   XMPP has been adapted from the protocols originally developed in the
   Jabber open-source community, which can be thought of as "XMPP 0.9".
   Because there exists a large installed base of Jabber implementations
   and deployments, it may be helpful to specify the key differences
   between the relevant Jabber protocols and XMPP in order to expedite
   and encourage upgrades of those implementations and deployments to
   XMPP.  This section summarizes the core differences, while the
   corresponding section of [XMPP-IM] summarizes the differences that
   relate specifically to instant messaging and presence applications.

D.1.  Channel Encryption

   It was common practice in the Jabber community to use SSL for channel
   encryption on ports other than 5222 and 5269 (the convention is to
   use ports 5223 and 5270).  XMPP uses TLS over the IANA-registered
   ports for channel encryption, as defined under Use of TLS (Section 5)
   herein.

D.2.  Authentication

   The client-server authentication protocol developed in the Jabber
   community used a basic IQ interaction qualified by the
   'jabber:iq:auth' namespace (documentation of this protocol is
   contained in [JEP-0078], published by the Jabber Software Foundation
   [JSF]).  XMPP uses SASL for authentication, as defined under Use of
   SASL (Section 6) herein.

   The Jabber community did not develop an authentication protocol for
   server-to-server communications, only the Server Dialback (Section 8)
   protocol to prevent server spoofing.  XMPP supersedes Server Dialback
   with a true server-to-server authentication protocol, as defined
   under Use of SASL (Section 6) herein.

D.3.  Resource Binding

   Resource binding in the Jabber community was handled via the
   'jabber:iq:auth' namespace (which was also used for client
   authentication with a server).  XMPP defines a dedicated namespace
   for resource binding as well as the ability for a server to generate
   a resource identifier on behalf of a client, as defined under
   Resource Binding (Section 7).

D.4.  JID Processing

   JID processing was somewhat loosely defined by the Jabber community
   (documentation of forbidden characters and case handling is contained
   in [JEP-0029], published by the Jabber Software Foundation [JSF]).
   XMPP specifies the use of [NAMEPREP] for domain identifiers and
   supplements Nameprep with two additional [STRINGPREP] profiles for
   JID processing: Nodeprep (Appendix A) for node identifiers and
   Resourceprep (Appendix B) for resource identifiers.

D.5.  Error Handling

   Stream-related errors were handled in the Jabber community via XML
   character data text in a <stream:error/> element.  In XMPP,
   stream-related errors are handled via an extensible mechanism defined
   under Stream Errors (Section 4.7) herein.

   Stanza-related errors were handled in the Jabber community via
   HTTP-style error codes.  In XMPP, stanza-related errors are handled
   via an extensible mechanism defined under Stanza Errors (Section 9.3)
   herein.  (Documentation of a mapping between Jabber and XMPP error
   handling mechanisms is contained in [JEP-0086], published by the
   Jabber Software Foundation [JSF].)

D.6.  Internationalization

   Although use of UTF-8 has always been standard practice within the
   Jabber community, the community did not define mechanisms for
   specifying the language of human-readable text provided in XML
   character data.  XMPP specifies the use of the 'xml:lang' attribute
   in such contexts, as defined under Stream Attributes (Section 4.4)
   and xml:lang (Section 9.1.5) herein.

D.7.  Stream Version Attribute

   The Jabber community did not include a 'version' attribute in stream
   headers.  XMPP specifies inclusion of that attribute as a way to
   signal support for the stream features (authentication, encryption,
   etc.) defined under Version Support (Section 4.4.1) herein.

Contributors

   Most of the core aspects of the Extensible Messaging and Presence
   Protocol were developed originally within the Jabber open-source
   community in 1999.  This community was founded by Jeremie Miller, who
   released source code for the initial version of the jabber server in
   January 1999.  Major early contributors to the base protocol also
   included Ryan Eatmon, Peter Millard, Thomas Muldowney, and Dave
   Smith.  Work by the XMPP Working Group has concentrated especially on
   security and internationalization; in these areas, protocols for the
   use of TLS and SASL were originally contributed by Rob Norris, and
   stringprep profiles were originally contributed by Joe Hildebrand.
   The error code syntax was suggested by Lisa Dusseault.

Acknowledgements

   Thanks are due to a number of individuals in addition to the
   contributors listed.  Although it is difficult to provide a complete
   list, the following individuals were particularly helpful in defining
   the protocols or in commenting on the specifications in this memo:
   Thomas Charron, Richard Dobson, Sam Hartman, Schuyler Heath, Jonathan
   Hogg, Cullen Jennings, Craig Kaes, Jacek Konieczny, Alexey Melnikov,
   Keith Minkler, Julian Missig, Pete Resnick, Marshall Rose, Alexey
   Shchepin, Jean-Louis Seguineau, Iain Shigeoka, Greg Troxel, and David
   Waite.  Thanks also to members of the XMPP Working Group and the IETF
   community for comments and feedback provided throughout the life of
   this memo.

Author's Address

   Peter Saint-Andre (editor)
   Jabber Software Foundation

   EMail: stpeter@jabber.org

Full Copyright Statement

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004).

   This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions
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