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Content for  TR 38.859  Word version:  18.0.0

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1  Scopep. 7

The present document captures the findings of the study item "Study on Expanded and Improved NR Positioning" [7]. The purpose of this technical report is to document the requirements, additional scenarios, evaluations, and technical proposals treated during the study and provide a way forward toward normative work on expanded enhancements to NR positioning in TSG RAN WGs.

2  Referencesp. 7

The following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of the present document.
  • References are either specific (identified by date of publication, edition number, version number, etc.) or non-specific.
  • For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply.
  • For a non-specific reference, the latest version applies. In the case of a reference to a 3GPP document (including a GSM document), a non-specific reference implicitly refers to the latest version of that document in the same Release as the present document.
[1]
TR 21.905: "Vocabulary for 3GPP Specifications".
[2]
TR 38.857: "Study on NR positioning enhancements".
[3]
TR 38.845: "Study on scenarios and requirements of in-coverage, partial coverage, and out-of-coverage NR positioning use cases".
[4]
TS 22.261: "Service requirements for the 5G system".
[5]
TR 22.855: "Study on ranging-based services".
[6]
TS 22.104: "Service requirements for cyber-physical control applications in vertical domains".
[7]
RP-222616: "Revised SID on Study on expanded and improved NR positioning".
[8]
TR 37.885: "Study on evaluation methodology of new Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) use cases for LTE and NR".
[9]
TR 36.885: "Study on LTE-based V2X Services".
[10]
TR 36.843: "Study on LTE Device to Device Proximity Services".
[11]
TR 38.901: "Study on channel model for frequencies from 0.5 to 100 GHz".
[12]
TR 38.855: "Study on NR positioning support".
[13]
TR 38.840: "Study on User Equipment (UE) power saving in NR".
[14]
TR 38.802: "Study on New Radio Access Technology - Physical Layer Aspects".
[15]
TR 38.830: "Study on NR coverage enhancements".
[16]
TS 37.355: "LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP)".
[17]
TS 38.455: "NR Positioning Protocol A (NRPPa)".
[18]
R1-2210831: Evaluation of SL positioning; Nokia, Nokia Shanghai Bell
[19]
R1-2210900: Finalizing SL positioning evaluation; Huawei, HiSilicon
[20]
R1-2211011: Evaluation of sidelink positioning performance; vivo
[21]
R1-2211446: Evaluation results for SL positioning; OPPO
[22]
R1-2211202: Further performance evaluation for SL positioning; CATT, GOHIGH
[23]
R1-2211615: Evaluation of SL positioning; Sony
[24]
R1-2211500: Discussion on evaluation of SL positioning; ZTE, CMCC
[25]
R1-2211368: Discussion on evaluation of sidelink positioning; xiaomi
[26]
R1-2211739: SL Positioning Evaluation and Performance; Lenovo
[27]
R1-2211267: Discussion on evaluation of SL positioning; LG Electronics
[28]
R1-2211720: Evaluation results for SL positioning; InterDigital, Inc.
[29]
R1-2212049: Discussion on Evaluation for SL Positioning; Samsung
[30]
R1-2212121: Sidelink Positioning Evaluation Assumptions and Results; Qualcomm Incorporated
[31]
R1-2212739: Evaluation of SL positioning; Intel Corporation
[32]
R1-2212427: Evaluation results and observations on V2X and IIoT use case for sidelink positioning; CEWiT
[33]
R1-2212512: Evaluation of NR SL positioning and ranging; Ericsson
[34]  Void
[35]
R1-2208517: Discussion on Low Power High Accuracy Positioning; Quectel
[36]
R1-2208559: Discussion on evaluation on LPHAP; Spreadtrum Communications
[37]
R1-2208651: Discussion on Low Power High Accuracy Positioning; vivo
[38]
R1-2208737: Views on LPHAP; Nokia, Nokia Shanghai Bell
[39]
R1-2208802: Discussion on Low Power High Accuracy Positioning; OPPO
[40]
R1-2210242: Discussion on Low Power High Accuracy Positioning; CATT
[41]
R1-2209060: On Low Power High Accuracy Positioning; Intel Corporation
[42]
R1-2209107: Discussion on Low Power High Accuracy Positioning; Sony
[43]
R1-2210398: Discussion on low power high accuracy positioning; ZTE
[44]
R1-2209294: Discussion on Low Power High Accuracy Positioning; xiaomi
[45]
R1-2209344: Discussion on low power high accuracy positioning; CMCC
[46]
R1-2209396: LPHAP considerations; Lenovo
[47]
R1-2209490: Discussions on Low Power High Accuracy Positioning (LPHAP) techniques; InterDigital, Inc.
[48]
R1-2209739: Discussion on LPHAP; Samsung
[49]
R1-2209786: Views on low power high accuracy positioning; Sharp
[50]
R1-2209806: Discussion on LPHAP in idle/inactive state; LG Electronics
[51]
R1-2209910: Discussion on Low Power High Accuracy Positioning; NTT DOCOMO, INC.
[52]
R1-2209993: Requirements, Evaluations, Potential Enhancements for Low Power High Accuracy Positioning; Qualcomm Incorporated
[53]
R1-2210178: Evaluations for Low Power High Accuracy Positioning; Ericsson
[54]  Void
[55]
R1-2208652: Discussion on positioning for RedCap UEs; vivo
[56]
R1-2208738: Views on Positioning for RedCap UEs; Nokia, Nokia Shanghai Bell
[57]
R1-2208803: Discussion on Positioning for RedCap UEs; OPPO
[58]
R1-2208985: Discussion on positioning for RedCap UEs; CATT
[59]
R1-2209061: Enhancements for positioning for RedCap UEs; Intel Corporation
[60]
R1-2209108: Considerations on positioning for RedCap UEs; Sony
[61]
R1-2209153: Discussion on positioning support for RedCap UEs; NEC
[62]
R1-2209217: Discussion on Positioning for RedCap UE; ZTE
[63]
R1-2209346: Discussion on RedCap positioning; CMCC
[64]
R1-2209397: Positioning for RedCap devices; Lenovo
[65]
R1-2209491: Discussions on positioning for RedCap UEs; InterDigital, Inc.
[66]
R1-2209590: Discussions on Positioning for RedCap UEs; Apple
[67]
R1-2209740: Discussion on Positioning for RedCap UEs; Samsung
[68]
R1-2209787: Views on positioning for RedCap UEs; Sharp
[69]
R1-2209807: Discussion on positioning support for RedCap UEs; LG Electronics
[70]
R1-2209911: Discussion on positioning for RedCap UEs; NTT DOCOMO, INC.
[71]
R1-2209994: Positioning for Reduced Capability UEs; Qualcomm Incorporated
[72]
R1-2210179: Positioning for RedCap UEs; Ericsson
[73]
R1-2208455: Discussion on NR carrier phase positioning; Huawei, HiSilicon
[74]
R1-2208650: Discussion on carrier phase measurement enhancements; vivo
[75]
R1-2208983: Discussion on improved accuracy based on NR carrier phase measurement; CATT
[76]
R1-2209215: Discussion on carrier phase measurement based positioning; ZTE
[77]
R1-2210177: Improved accuracy based on NR carrier phase measurement; Ericsson
[78]
R1-2212379: Evaluation of SL positioning; Fraunhofer IIS, Fraunhofer HHI
[79]
R1-2210903: Remaining issues for carrier phase positioning; Huawei, HiSilicon
[80]
R1-2211014: Discussion on carrier phase measurement enhancements; vivo
[81]
R1-2211205: Further discussion on improved accuracy based on NR carrier phase measurement; CATT
[82]
R1-2211312: Views on improved accuracy based on NR carrier phase measurement; Nokia, Nokia Shanghai Bell
[83]
R1-2211406: Improved positioning accuracy with NR carrier phase measurements; Intel Corporation
[84]
R1-2211435: Discussions on Carrier Phase Measurement for NR Positioning; OPPO
[85]
R1-2212520: Discussion on carrier phase measurement based positioning; ZTE
[86]
R1-2211924: Discussion on OFDM based carrier phase measurement in NR; LG Electronics
[87]
R1-2212859: Discussion on NR Carrier Phase Measurement; Samsung
[88]
R1-2212124: Phase Measurements in NR Positioning; Qualcomm Incorporated
[89]
R1-2212519: Views on NR carrier phase measurement for positioning accuracy enhancement; IIT Kanpur, CEWiT
[90]
R1-2212515: Improved accuracy based on NR carrier phase measurement; Ericsson
[91]
R1-2208206: FL Summary #3 Carrier Phase Measurements, Moderator (CATT)
[92]
R1-2210904: Remaining issues for LPHAP; Huawei, HiSilicon
[93]
R1-2211015: Discussion on Low Power High Accuracy Positioning; vivo
[94]
R1-2211055: Discussions and evaluation of LPHAP enhancements; FUTUREWEI
[95]
R1-2211206: Further discussion on Low Power High Accuracy Positioning; CATT
[96]
R1-2211239: Discussion on evaluation and solutions for LPHAP; Spreadtrum Communications
[97]
R1-2211313: Views on LPHAP; Nokia, Nokia Shanghai Bell
[98]
R1-2211371: Discussion on Low Power High Accuracy Positioning; xiaomi
[99]
R1-2211407: On Low Power High Accuracy Positioning; Intel Corporation
[100]
R1-2211436: Discussion on Low Power High Accuracy Positioning; OPPO
[101]
R1-2211504: Discussion on low power high accuracy positioning; ZTE
[102]
R1-2211618: Views on Low Power High Accuracy Positioning; Sony
[103]
R1-2211688: Discussion on low power high accuracy positioning; CMCC
[104]
R1-2211730: Discussions on Low Power High Accuracy Positioning (LPHAP) techniques; InterDigital, Inc.
[105]
R1-2211744: LPHAP considerations; Lenovo
[106]
R1-2211925: Discussion on LPHAP in idle/inactive state; LG Electronics
[107]
R1-2211991: Discussion on Low Power High Accuracy Positioning; NTT DOCOMO, INC.
[108]
R1-2212053: Discussion on LPHAP; Samsung
[109]
R1-2212125: Requirements, Evaluations, Potential Enhancements for Low Power High Accuracy - PositioningvQualcomm Incorporated
[110]
R1-2212516: Evaluations for Low Power High Accuracy Positioning; Ericsson
[111]
R1-2210905: Remaining issues of RedCap positioning; Huawei, HiSilicon
[112]
R1-2210921: Discussion on Positioning for RedCap UEs; Quectel
[113]
R1-2211016: Discussion on positioning for RedCap UEs; vivo
[114]
R1-2211207: Further discussion on positioning for RedCap UEs; CATT
[115]
R1-2211314: Views on Positioning for RedCap UEs; Nokia, Nokia Shanghai Bell
[116]
R1-2211408: Enhancements for positioning for RedCap UEs; Intel Corporation
[117]
R1-2211437: Discussion on Positioning for RedCap UEs; OPPO
[118]
R1-2212743: Discussion on Positioning for RedCap UE; ZTE
[119]
R1-2211619: Views on positioning for RedCap UEs; Sony
[120]
R1-2211689: Discussion on RedCap positioning; CMCC
[121]
R1-2211732: Discussions on positioning for RedCap UEs; InterDigital, Inc.
[122]
R1-2211741: Public Safety Personal Protection Equipment (PPE); FirstNet, AT&T, UK Home Office, Erillisverkot, MINISTERE DE L'INTERIEUR, SyncTechno Inc., Softil, Nkom
[123]
R1-2211745: Positioning for RedCap devices; Lenovo
[124]
R1-2211819: On Positioning for RedCap UEs; Apple
[125]
R1-2211926: Discussion on positioning support for RedCap UEs; LG Electronics
[126]
R1-2211992: Discussion on positioning for RedCap UEs; NTT DOCOMO, INC.
[127]
R1-2212054: Discussion on Positioning for RedCap UEs; Samsung
[128]
R1-2212126: Positioning for Reduced Capabilities UEs; Qualcomm Incorporated
[129]
R1-2212180: Views on positioning for RedCap UEs; Sharp
[130]
R1-2212197: The potential solutions for RedCap UEs for positioning; MediaTek Inc.
[131]
R1-2212368: Discussion on positioning support for RedCap UEs; NEC
[132]
R1-2212517: Positioning for RedCap UEs; Ericsson
[133]
R1-2208454: Error source for NR RAT-dependent positioning; Huawei, HiSilicon
[134]
R1-2210902: Remaining issues for RAT-dependent integrity; Huawei, HiSilicon
[135]
R1-2208649: Discussion on solutions for integrity of RAT-dependent positioning; vivo
[136]
R1-2208735: Views on solutions for integrity of RAT-dependent positioning techniques; Nokia, Nokia Shanghai Bell
[137]
R1-2209214: Discussion on integrity of RAT dependent positioning; ZTE
[138]
R1-2211502: Discussion on integrity of RAT dependent positioning; ZTE
[139]
R1-2209488: Discussion on integrity for RAT dependent positioning techniques; InterDigital
[140]  Void
[141]
R1-2212051: Discussion on Integrity of RAT Dependent Positioning; Samsung
[142]
R1-2210176: Error Sources characterization for integrity of RAT dependent positioning techniques; Ericsson
[143]
R1-2210174: Evaluation of NR SL positioning and ranging; Ericsson
[144]
TS 23.273: "5G System (5GS) Location Services (LCS); Stage 2".
[145]
TR 23.700-86: "Study on Architecture Enhancement to support Ranging based services and sidelink positioning".
→ to date, still a draft
[146]
TS 38.305: "Stage 2 functional specification of User Equipment (UE) positioning in NG-RAN".
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3  Definitions of terms, symbols and abbreviationsp. 12

3.1  Termsp. 12

For the purposes of the present document, the terms given in TR 21.905 and the following apply. A term defined in the present document takes precedence over the definition of the same term, if any, in TR 21.905.
Target UE:
UE to be positioned (in this context, using SL, i.e., PC5 interface).
Anchor UE:
UE supporting positioning of target UE, e.g., by transmitting and/or receiving reference signals for positioning, providing positioning-related information, etc., over the SL interface.
Sidelink positioning:
Positioning UE using reference signals transmitted over SL, i.e., PC5 interface, to obtain absolute position, relative position, or ranging information.
Ranging:
Determination of the distance and/or the direction between a UE and another entity, e.g., anchor UE.
Sidelink positioning reference signal (SL PRS):
Reference signal transmitted over SL for positioning purposes.
SL PRS (pre-)configuration:
(Pre-)configured parameters of SL PRS such as time-frequency resources (other parameters are not precluded) including its bandwidth and periodicity.
SLPP:
Protocol for Sidelink positioning procedures.
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3.2  Symbolsp. 12

For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:

3.3  Abbreviationsp. 12

For the purposes of the present document, the abbreviations given in TR 21.905, TS 38.305, and the following apply. An abbreviation defined in the present document takes precedence over the definition of the same abbreviation, if any, in TR 21.905.
AGV
Automated Guided Vehicle
BW
Bandwidth
CFO
Carrier Frequency Offset
CP
Carrier Phase
CPP
Carrier Phase Positioning
DD
Double Differential
DL
Downlink
GNSS
Global Navigation Satellite System
IIoT
Industrial Internet of Things
IoT
Internet of Things
ITS
Intelligent Transportation Systems
KPI
Key Performance Indicator
LOS
Line-of-Sight
LPHAP
Low Power High Accuracy Positioning
NLOS
Non-Line-of-Sight
OLPC
Open Loop Power Control
OOC
Out Of Coverage
PCO
Phase Center Offset
PFL
Positioning Frequency Layer
PRS
Positioning Reference Signal
RAN
Radio Access Network
RAT
Radio Access Technology
RedCap
Reduced Capability
RTK
Real Time Kinematic
SD
Single Differential
SI
Study Item
SID
Study Item Description
SL
Sidelink
SRS
Sounding Reference Signals
TR
Technical Report
TS
Technical Specification
UE
User Equipment
UL
Uplink
V2X
Vehicle to Everything
WI
Work Item
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4  General descriptions of expanded NR positioning enhancementsp. 13

In Release 17, 3GPP RAN conducted studies on "NR positioning enhancements" TR 38.857 and "Scenarios and requirements of in-coverage, partial coverage, and out-of-coverage NR positioning use cases" TR 38.845.
The study on "Scenarios and requirements of in-coverage, partial coverage, and out-of-coverage NR positioning use cases" focussed on V2X and public safety use cases with the outcome being captured in TR 38.845. Additionally, SA1 has developed requirements in TS 22.261 for "Ranging based services" TR 22.855 and has developed positioning accuracy requirements in TS 22.104 for IIoT use cases in out-of-coverage scenarios. There is a need for 3GPP to study and develop sidelink positioning solutions that can support the use cases, scenarios and requirements identified during these activities.
The study on "NR positioning enhancements" TR 38.857 investigated higher accuracy, and lower latency location, high integrity and reliability requirements resulting from new applications and industry verticals for 5G. Some of the enhancements identified during that work have been specified during the Release 17 Work Item on "NR positioning enhancements", but there remain a number of opportunities for enhancement that have not yet been incorporated into the specifications.
Regarding higher accuracy, two promising techniques identified in earlier studies will be considered in Release 18: one is to take the advantage of the rich 5G spectrum to increase the bandwidth for the transmission and reception of the positioning reference signals based on PRS/SRS bandwidth aggregation for intra-band carriers, and the other is to use the NR carrier phase measurements. GNSS carrier phase positioning has been used very successfully for centimetre-level positioning but is limited to outdoor applications. NR carrier phase positioning has the potential for significant performance improvements for indoor and outdoor deployments in comparison with the existing NR positioning methods, as well as shorter latency and lower UE power consumption in comparison with RTK-GNSS outdoors.
Positioning integrity is a measure of the trust in the accuracy of the position-related data and the ability to provide timely warnings based on assistance data provided by the network. The focus in Release 17 work was on GNSS integrity, and for Release 18 it is natural to extend this to address other positioning techniques as well as there are relevant integrity aspects of mission critical use cases that rely on positioning estimates and the corresponding uncertainty estimate. Integrity enables applications to make the correct decisions based on the reported position, e.g., when monitoring a robotic arm to decide whether its arm movement are within allowed limits to ensure safety distances to humans and other objects.
SA1 has introduced requirements for LPHAP (Low Power High Accuracy Positioning) for industrial IoT scenarios including use cases such as massive asset tracking, AGV tracking in industrial factory and person localization in danger zones. The SA1 requirements are for high accuracy and extreme low power consumption with battery life sustainable up to one or more years. A typical scenario of interest is use case 6 as defined TS 22.104, which corresponds to tracking of workpiece (in- and outdoor) in assembly area and warehouse with a target accuracy of <1m, a positioning interval of 15-30 seconds, and a battery life of 6-12 months. While Release 17 NR positioning has introduced support for positioning in RRC_INACTIVE state, there is a need to evaluate whether the current system allows LPHAP requirements to be met.
Release 17 has specified support for RedCap UEs with reduced bandwidth support and reduced complexity including reduced number of receive chains. Such UEs could support NR positioning functionality but there is a gap in that the core and performance requirements have not been specified for the positioning related measurements performed by RedCap UEs, and no evaluation was performed to see how the reduced capabilities of RedCap UEs might impact eventual position accuracy. This gap is to be investigated by the present SI.
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