Content for TR 26.942 Word version: 19.0.0
1 Scope
2 References
3 Definitions of terms, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Terms
3.2 Symbols
3.3 Abbreviations
...
...
1 Scope p. 8
The present document identifies potential sustainable media metrics, architectural impacts (APIs), functional extensions required for media service enablers in the 5G system and evaluate the feasibility of an evaluation framework to facilitate efficient energy use and energy saving for media services.
2 References p. 8
The following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of the present document.
- References are either specific (identified by date of publication, edition number, version number, etc.) or non-specific.
- For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply.
- For a non-specific reference, the latest version applies. In the case of a reference to a 3GPP document (including a GSM document), a non-specific reference implicitly refers to the latest version of that document in the same Release as the present document.
[1]
TR 21.905: "Vocabulary for 3GPP Specifications".
[2]
ETSI TS 28.310: "Management and orchestration; Energy efficiency of 5G".
[3]
ETSI EN 303 472: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Energy Efficiency measurement methodology and metrics for RAN equipment".
[4]
ETSI ES 202 706-1: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Metrics and measurement method for energy efficiency of wireless access network equipment; Part 1: Power consumption - static measurement method".
[5]
ETSI TS 22.261: "Service requirements for the 5G system".
[6]
D Lundén, J Malmodin, P Bergmark and N Lövehagen, "Electricity Consumption and Operational Carbon Emissions of European Telecom Network Operators", Sustainability 14(5):2637, 2022.
[7]
J Malmodin, "The power consumption of mobile and fixed network data services-The case of streaming video and downloading large files." Electronics Goes Green, 2020.
[8]
J Malmodin, N Lövehagen, P Bergmark and D Lundén, "ICT sector electricity consumption and greenhouse gas emissions - 2020 outcome", Telecommunications Policy (2024): 102701.
[9]
The Greenhouse Gas Protocol: https://ghgprotocol.org
[10]
The Greenhouse Gas Protocol: "A Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard, Revised Edition"
[11]
The Greenhouse Gas Protocol: "Corporate Value Chain (Scope 3) Accounting and Reporting Standard: Supplement to the GHG Protocol Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard".
[12]
The European Commission: "Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2023/2772", The Official Journal of the European Union, 23rd July 2023.
[13]
Ember Climate: "Global Electricity Review 2023", https://ember-climate.org/insights/research/global-electricity-review-2023/
[14]
TR 28.913: "Study on new aspects of Energy Efficiency (EE) for 5G phase 2".
[15]
TS 28.554: "5G end to end Key Performance Indicators (KPI)".
[16]
TS 28.552: "Management and orchestration; 5G performance measurements".
[17]
TS 28.533: "Management and orchestration; Architecture framework".
[18]
TS 28.622: "Telecommunication management; Generic Network Resource Model (NRM) Integration Reference Point (IRP); Information Service (IS)".
[19]
TS 28.532: "Management and orchestration; Generic management services".
[20]
TR 23.700-66: "Study on Energy Efficiency and Energy Saving".
[21]
TS 26.531: "Data collection and reporting; General description and architecture".
[22]
TS 26.532: "Data Collection and Reporting; Protocols and Formats".
[23]
TS 26.501: "5G Media Streaming (5GMS); General description and architecture".
[24]
TS 26.247: "Transparent end-to-end Packet-switched Streaming Service (PSS); Progressive Download and Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (3GP-DASH)".
[25]
TS 38.300: "NR; NR and NG-RAN Overall description; Stage-2".
[26]
TS 26.114: "IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS); Multimedia telephony; Media handling and interaction"
[27]
TS 26.118: "Virtual Reality (VR) profiles for streaming applications".
[28]
TS 28.405: "Telecommunication management; Quality of Experience (QoE) measurement collection; Control and configuration".
[29]
International Telecommunication Union, Recommendation ITU-T L.1310: "Energy efficiency metrics and measurement methods for telecommunication equipment".
[30]
International Telecommunication Union, Series L Supplement 36, "ITU-T L.1310 - Study on methods and metrics to evaluate energy efficiency for future 5G systems", November 2017.
[31]
International Telecommunication Union, Recommendation ITU-T L.1450, "Methodologies for the assessment of the environmental impact of the information and communication technology sector", 9/2018
[32]
Jens Malmodin, Nina Lövehagen, Pernilla Bergmark, and Dag Lundén. "ICT sector electricity consumption and greenhouse gas emissions-2020 outcome." Telecommunications Policy (2024): 102701.
[33]
International Telecommunication Union, Report ITU-R BT.2385-1: "Reducing the environmental impact of terrestrial broadcasting systems", March 2022.
[34]
International Telecommunication Union, Opinion ITU-R OP.104: "Advice for sustainability strategies incorporating carbon offsetting policies", 2022.
[35]
International Telecommunication Union, Report ITU-R BT.2521-0, "Practical examples of actions to realize energy aware broadcasting", March 2023.
[36]
International Telecommunication Union, Report ITU-R BT.2540-0, "Display energy reduction through image signal processing", March 2024.
[37]
ISO/IEC 23001-11:2023: "Information technology, MPEG systems technologies, Part 11: Energy-efficient media consumption (green metadata)".
[38]
DVB, "Study Mission report on Energy Aware service Delivery and Consumption", DVB Document S100, November 2023.
[39]
ATSC Planning Team 9, https://www.atsc.org/subcommittees/planning-team-9-sustainability/
[40]
TS 23.502: "Procedures for the 5G System (5GS)".
[41]
ETSI ES 203 700: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Sustainable power feeding solutions for 5G network".
[42]
ETSI ES 203 539: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Measurement method for energy efficiency of Network Functions Virtualisation (NFV) in laboratory environment".
[43]
ETSI EN 303 470: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Energy Efficiency measurement methodology and metrics for servers".
[44]
ETSI EN 303 471: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Energy Efficiency measurement methodology and metrics for Network Function Virtualisation (NFV)".
[45]
ETSI ES 203 475: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Standardization terms and trends in energy efficiency".
[46]
ETSI ES 203 136: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Measurement methods for energy efficiency of router and switch equipment Update standard for Energy efficiency for router and switch equipment".
[47]
ETSI EN 303 215: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Measurement methods and limits for power consumption in broadband telecommunication networks equipment".
[48]
ETSI ES 203 184: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Measurement Methods for Power Consumption in Transport Telecommunication Networks Equipment".
[49]
ETSI EN 301 575: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Measurement method for energy consumption of Customer Premises Equipment (CPE)".
[50]
ETSI ES 203 215: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Measurement Methods and Limits for Power Consumption in Broadband Telecommunication Networks Equipment".
[51]
Greening of Streaming, https://www.greeningofstreaming.org/
[52]
DIMPACT, https://dimpact.org/
[53]
DIMPACT, "Methodology: Estimating the carbon impacts of serving digital media and entertainment products", version 1.0, October 2022.
[54]
DIMPACT, Draft paper "Literature review and policy principles for streaming and digital media carbon footprinting", March 2023.
[55]
Ultra HD Forum, https://ultrahdforum.org/ibc2023-press-release-ultra-hd-forum-to-showcase-efficient-hdr-sdr-sustainability-demos/
[56]
TR 22.882: "Study on Energy Efficiency as a service criteria".
[57]
ARCEP, "Arcep publishes a draft decision for public consultation, with a view to enhancing its annual "Achieving digital sustainability" survey", https://en.arcep.fr/fileadmin/cru-1714402758/user_upload/41-24-english-version.pdf
[58]
TS 26.502: "5G multicast-broadcast services; User service architecture".
[59]
TS 26.506: "5G Real-time Media Communication Architecture".
[60]
Directive (EU) 2024/825: "amending Directives 2005/29/EC and 2011/83/EU as regards empowering consumers for the green transition through better protection against unfair practices and better information", 28th February 2024. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32024L0825
[61]
ARCEP, "Arcom and Arcep, in tandem with ADEME, publish an unprecedented study on the environmental impact of audiovisual media consumption in France in 2022, and up to 2030", https://en.arcep.fr/fileadmin/user_upload/57-24-english-version.pdf
[62]
TR 26.955: "5G Video Codec Characteristics".
[63]
Android BatteryManager API, https://developer.android.com/reference/kotlin/android/os/BatteryManager
[64]
TS 23.247: "Architectural enhancements for 5G multicast-broadcast services".
[65]
TS 26.565: "Split Rendering Media Service Enabler".
[66]
ETSI ES 203 228: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Assessment of mobile network energy efficiency".
[67]
International Telecommunication Union, Recommendation ITU-T L.1331, "Assessment of mobile network energy efficiency", January 2022.
[68]
ETSI ES 202 336-12: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Monitoring and control interface for infrastructure equipment (power, cooling and building environment systems used in telecommunication networks); Part 12: ICT equipment power, energy and environmental parameters monitoring information model".
[69]
Harmony OS Battery information API, https://developer.huawei.com/consumer/en/doc/harmonyos-references/js-apis-battery-info-V5
[70]
TS 23.288: "Architecture enhancements for 5G System (5GS) to support network data analytics services".
[71]
TS 26.947: "Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (MBMS); Selection and characterisation of application layer Forward Error Correction (FEC)".
[72]
TS 23.501: "System architecture for the 5G System (5GS) (Release 19)".
[73]
Mohit Arora and Ian McClenaghan, "Decarbonizing the media, broadcast, and streaming industry", Joule, volume 8, issue 4, April 2024, pp873-878.
[74]
Jigna Chandaria, "The Carbon Footprint of Watching Television", October 2011, available at https://www.bbc.co.uk/rd/blog/2011-10-tv-carbon-footprint
[75]
Jinga Chandaria, BBC R&D White Paper WHP 189, "A comparison of a Carbon Footprint of Digital Terrestrial Television with Video-On-Demand", January 2011 available at https://www.bbc.co.uk/rd/publications/whitepaper189
[76]
Arman Shehabi, Ben Walker and Eric Masanet, "The energy and greenhouse-gas implications of Internet video streaming in the United States", Environmental Research Letters, volume 9, number 5, May 2014 available at https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/9/5/054007
[77]
George Kamiya, "The carbon footprint of streaming video: fact-checking the headlines", December 2020, available at https://www.iea.org/commentaries/the-carbon-footprint-of-streaming-video-fact-checking-the-headlines
[78]
Jigna Chandaria, Natasha Westland and Chloe Fletcher, "How much energy is used to deliver and watch TV programmes?", September 2020, available at https://www.bbc.co.uk/rd/blog/2020-09-sustainability-video-energy-streaming-broadcast
[79]
Mohit Arora and Ian McClenaghan and Lydia Wozniak "Priorities for net-zero web services", Nature Electronics, issue 7, August 2024, pp.622-625, available at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-024-01227-8
[80]
Carbon Trust, "Carbon impact of video streaming", June 2021, available at https://www.carbontrust.com/our-work-and-impact/guides-reports-and-tools/carbon-impact-of-video-streaming
[81]
David Mytton, Dag Lundén, and Jens Malmodin, "Network energy use not directly proportional to data volume: The power model approach for more reliable network energy consumption calculations", Journal of Industrial Ecology, volume 28, June 2024, pp.966-980, available at https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.13512
[82]
Ofcom, "Carbon emissions of streaming and digital terrestrial television", October 2022, available at https://www.ofcom.org.uk/internet-based-services/technology/carbon-emissions-of-streaming-and-digital-terrestrial-television/
[83]
"ADEME: The French ecological transition agency", https://www.ademe.fr/en/ademe-the-french-ecological-transition-agency/
[84]
Ben-Gan, Itzik. "Datetime calculations, Part 4: calculate first/last occurrences of a weekday in a month." SQL Server Magazine 9.5 (2007): pp19-22.
[85]
TR 22.883: "Feasibility Study on Energy Efficiency as service criteria Phase 2".
[86]
"Electrochemical Energy Storage for Renewable Sources and Grid Balancing", 2015, pp. 411-435.
[87]
3 Definitions of terms, symbols and abbreviations p. 12
3.1 Terms p. 12
For the purposes of the present document, the terms given in TR 21.905 and the following apply. A term defined in the present document takes precedence over the definition of the same term, if any, in TR 21.905.
AS Energy Information:
energy-related information collected and exposed by Application Servers.
carbon intensity:
Global greenhouse gases emitted per unit of generated electricity, measured in grams of CO2 equivalent per watt-hour intended for conversion to carbon emissions as defined in TS 22.261 and TS 23.700-66.
energy consumption:
integral of power consumption over time, as defined in TS 28.310.
energy credit:
a quantity associated with the subscriber that can be used for credit control by the 5G System per TS 22.261.
energy efficiency (EE):
ratio between performance and energy consumption.
maximum energy consumption:
a policy establishing an upper bound on the quantity of energy consumption [2] by the 5G system in a specific period of time, or space, e.g. energy consumption inside a given service area as defined in ETSI ES 202 706-1 [4].
maximum energy credit limit:
a policy establishing an upper bound on the aggregate quantity of energy consumption by the 5G System to provide services to a specific subscriber, e.g. in kilowatt hours [56].
Network Energy Information:
NF Energy Information and/or AS Energy Information.
NF Energy Information:
energy-related information collected from Network Functions and exposed by the EIF.
renewable energy:
energy from renewable sources, defined as energy from renewable non-fossil sources, namely wind, solar, aerothermal, geothermal, hydrothermal and ocean energy, hydropower, biomass, landfill gas, sewage treatment plant gas and biogases [3].
UE Energy Information:
energy-related information collected by the UE.
3.2 Symbols p. 12
Void.
3.3 Abbreviations p. 12
For the purposes of the present document, the abbreviations given in TR 21.905 and the following apply. An abbreviation defined in the present document takes precedence over the definition of the same abbreviation, if any, in TR 21.905.
5GC
5G Core
5GMS
5G Media Streaming
AC
Alternating Current
ADEME
Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie (the French ecological transition agency)
AF
Application Function
AMF
Access and Mobility Management Function
ANBR
Access Network Bitrate Recommendation
API
Application Programming Interface
Arcom
Autorité de régulation de la communication audiovisuelle et numérique (French Regulatory Authority for Audiovisual and Digital Communication)
AS
Application Server
ASP
Application Service Provider
ATSC
Advanced Television Systems Committee
CPE
Customer Premises Equipment
DSLAM
DSL Access Multiplexer
DSL
Digital Subscriber Line
DTT
Digital Terrestrial Television
DVB
Digital Video Broadcasting
DWDM
Dense Wavelength-Division Multiplexing
EEER
Equipment Energy Efficiency Ratio
EIF
Energy Information Function
ETSI
European telecommunications standards institute
GPON
Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network
HD
High Definition
IBC
International Broadcasting Convention
ICT
Information and Communications Technology
ISP
Internet Service Provider
ITU-T
The Telecommunication Sector of the International Telecommunication Union
ITU-R
The Radiocommunication Sector of the International Telecommunication Union
KI
Key Issue
KPI
Key Performance Indicator
kWh
Kilowatt-hours
mAh
milliamp-hours
MBS
Multicast Broadcast System
MNO
Mobile Network Operator
MnS
Management Service
MPEG
Motion Picture Expert Group
MPLS
Multi-Protocol Label Switching
MSAN
Multi-Service Access Node
mWh/s
milliwatt-hours per second
NAB
National Association of Broadcasters
NEF
Network Exposure Function
NF
Network Function
NFV
Network Functions Virtualisation
NFVI
Network Functions Virtualisation Infrastructure
NG-RAN
Next Generation RAN
NPN
Non-Public Network
NSACF
Network Slice Admission Control Function
NWDAF
Network Data Analytics Function
OAM
Operations, Administration and Maintenance
OLT
Optical Line Termination
OTN
Optical Transport Network
PCF
Policy Control Function
PDU
Protocol Data Unit
PEE
Power, Energy, Environmental
PNF
Physical Network Function
QMC
QoE Measurement Collection
QoE
Quality of Experience
QoS
Quality of Service
RAN
Radio Access Network
SBMA
Service-Based Management Architecture
SDF
Service Data Flow
SDH
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SLA
Service Level Agreement
SMF
Session Management Function
SoC
System-on-Chip
SVoD
Subscription Video-on-Demand
TV
Television
UDM
Unified Data Management
UE
User Equipment
UPF
User Plane Function
VNF
Virtualized Network Function
