RFC 8264
PRECIS Framework: Preparation, Enforcement, and Comparison of Internationalized Strings in Application Protocols
11. IANA Considerations
11.1. PRECIS Derived Property Value Registry
IANA has created and now maintains the "PRECIS Derived Property Value" registry (<https://www.iana.org/assignments/precis-tables/>), which records the derived properties for each version of Unicode released starting from version 6.3. The derived property value is to be calculated in cooperation with a designated expert [RFC8126] according to the rules specified under Sections 8 and 9. The IESG is to be notified if backward-incompatible changes to the table of derived properties are discovered or if other problems arise during the process of creating the table of derived property values or during Expert Review. Changes to the rules defined under Sections 8 and 9 require IETF Review. Note: IANA is requested to not make further updates to this registry until it receives notice from the IESG that the issues described in [IAB-Statement] and Section 13.5 of this document have been settled.11.2. PRECIS Base Classes Registry
IANA has created the "PRECIS Base Classes" registry (<https://www.iana.org/assignments/precis-parameters/>). In accordance with [RFC8126], the registration policy is "RFC Required".
The registration template is as follows:
Base Class: [the name of the PRECIS string class]
Description: [a brief description of the PRECIS string class and its
intended use, e.g., "A sequence of letters, numbers, and symbols
that is used to identify or address a network entity."]
Reference: [the RFC number]
The initial registrations are as follows:
Base Class: FreeformClass
Description: A sequence of letters, numbers, symbols, spaces, and
other code points that is used for free-form strings.
Specification: Section 4.3 of RFC 8264
Base Class: IdentifierClass
Description: A sequence of letters, numbers, and symbols that is
used to identify or address a network entity.
Specification: Section 4.2 of RFC 8264
11.3. PRECIS Profiles Registry
IANA has created the "PRECIS Profiles" registry
(<https://www.iana.org/assignments/precis-parameters/>) to identify
profiles that use the PRECIS string classes. In accordance with
[RFC8126], the registration policy is "Expert Review". This policy
was chosen in order to ease the burden of registration while ensuring
that "customers" of PRECIS receive appropriate guidance regarding the
sometimes complex and subtle internationalization issues related to
profiles of PRECIS string classes.
The registration template is as follows:
Name: [the name of the profile]
Base Class: [which PRECIS string class is being profiled]
Applicability: [the specific protocol elements to which this profile
applies, e.g., "Usernames in security and application protocols."]
Replaces: [the Stringprep profile that this PRECIS profile replaces,
if any]
Width Mapping Rule: [the behavioral rule for handling of width,
e.g., "Map fullwidth and halfwidth code points to their
compatibility variants."]
Additional Mapping Rule: [any additional mappings that are required
or recommended, e.g., "Map non-ASCII space code points to SPACE
(U+0020)."]
Case Mapping Rule: [the behavioral rule for handling of case, e.g.,
"Apply the Unicode toLowerCase() operation."]
Normalization Rule: [which Unicode normalization form is applied,
e.g., "NFC"]
Directionality Rule: [the behavioral rule for handling of right-to-
left code points, e.g., "The 'Bidi Rule' defined in RFC 5893
applies."]
Enforcement: [which entities enforce the rules, and when that
enforcement occurs during protocol operations]
Specification: [a pointer to relevant documentation, such as an RFC
or Internet-Draft]
In order to request a review, the registrant shall send a completed
template to the <precis@ietf.org> list or its designated successor.
Factors to focus on while defining profiles and reviewing profile
registrations include the following:
o Would an existing PRECIS string class or profile solve the
problem? If not, why not? (See Section 5.1 for related
considerations.)
o Is the problem being addressed by this profile well defined?
o Does the specification define what kinds of applications are
involved and the protocol elements to which this profile applies?
o Is the profile clearly defined?
o Is the profile based on an appropriate dividing line between user
interface (culture, context, intent, locale, device limitations,
etc.) and the use of conformant strings in protocol elements?
o Are the width mapping, case mapping, additional mapping,
normalization, and directionality rules appropriate for the
intended use?
o Does the profile explain which entities enforce the rules and when
such enforcement occurs during protocol operations?
o Does the profile reduce the degree to which human users could be
surprised or confused by application behavior (the "Principle of
Least Astonishment")?
o Does the profile introduce any new security concerns such as those
described under Section 12 of this document (e.g., false accepts
for authentication or authorization)?
12. Security Considerations
12.1. General Issues
If input strings that appear "the same" to users are programmatically
considered to be distinct in different systems or if input strings
that appear distinct to users are programmatically considered to be
"the same" in different systems, then users can be confused. Such
confusion can have security implications, such as the false accepts
and false rejects discussed in [RFC6943] (the terms "false positives"
and "false negatives" are used in that document). One starting goal
of work on the PRECIS framework was to limit the number of times that
users are confused (consistent with the "Principle of Least
Astonishment"). Unfortunately, this goal has been difficult to
achieve given the large number of application protocols already in
existence. Despite these difficulties, profiles should not be
multiplied beyond necessity (see Section 5.1). In particular,
designers of application protocols should think long and hard before
defining a new profile instead of using one that has already been
defined, and if they decide to define a new profile then they should
clearly explain their reasons for doing so.
The security of applications that use this framework can depend in
part on the proper preparation, enforcement, and comparison of
internationalized strings. For example, such strings can be used to
make authentication and authorization decisions, and the security of
an application could be compromised if an entity providing a given
string is connected to the wrong account or online resource based on
different interpretations of the string (again, see [RFC6943]).
Specifications of application protocols that use this framework are
strongly encouraged to describe how internationalized strings are
used in the protocol, including the security implications of any
false accepts and false rejects that might result from various
enforcement and comparison operations. For some helpful guidelines,
refer to [RFC6943], [RFC5890], [UTR36], and [UTS39].
12.2. Use of the IdentifierClass
Strings that conform to the IdentifierClass, and any profile thereof, are intended to be relatively safe for use in a broad range of applications, primarily because they include only letters, digits, and "grandfathered" non-space code points from the ASCII range; thus, they exclude spaces, code points with compatibility equivalents, and almost all symbols and punctuation marks. However, because such strings can still include so-called "confusable code points" (see Section 12.5), protocol designers and implementers are encouraged to pay close attention to the security considerations described elsewhere in this document.12.3. Use of the FreeformClass
Strings that conform to the FreeformClass, and many profiles thereof, can include virtually any Unicode code point. This makes the FreeformClass quite expressive, but also problematic from the perspective of possible user confusion. Protocol designers are hereby warned that the FreeformClass contains code points they might not understand, and they are encouraged to profile the IdentifierClass wherever feasible; however, if an application protocol requires more code points than are allowed by the IdentifierClass, protocol designers are encouraged to define a profile of the FreeformClass that restricts the allowable code points as tightly as possible. (The PRECIS Working Group considered the option of allowing "superclasses" as well as profiles of PRECIS string classes but decided against allowing superclasses to reduce the likelihood of security and interoperability problems.)12.4. Local Character Set Issues
When systems use local character sets other than ASCII and Unicode, this specification leaves the problem of converting between the local character set and Unicode up to the application or local system. If different applications (or different versions of one application) implement different rules for conversions among coded character sets, they could interpret the same name differently and contact different application servers or other network entities. This problem is not solved by security protocols, such as Transport Layer Security (TLS) [RFC5246] and SASL [RFC4422], that do not take local character sets into account.12.5. Visually Similar Characters
Some code points are visually similar and thus can cause confusion among humans. Such characters are often called "confusable characters" or "confusables".
The problem of confusable characters is not necessarily caused by the use of Unicode code points outside the ASCII range. For example, in some presentations and to some individuals the string "ju1iet" (spelled with DIGIT ONE (U+0031) as the third character) might appear to be the same as "juliet" (spelled with LATIN SMALL LETTER L (U+006C)), especially on casual visual inspection. This phenomenon is sometimes called "typejacking". However, the problem is made more serious by introducing the full range of Unicode code points into protocol strings. A well-known example is confusion between "а" CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER A (U+0430) and "a" LATIN SMALL LETTER A (U+0061). As another example, the characters "ᏚᎢᎵᎬᎢᎬᏒ" (U+13DA U+13A2 U+13B5 U+13AC U+13A2 U+13AC U+13D2) from the Cherokee block look similar to the ASCII code points representing "STPETER" as they might appear when presented using a "creative" font family. Confusion among such characters is perhaps not unexpected, given that the alphabetic writing systems involved all bear a family resemblance or historical lineage. Perhaps more surprising is confusion among characters from disparate writing systems, such as "O" (LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O, U+004F), "0" (DIGIT ZERO, U+0030), "໐" (LAO DIGIT ZERO, U+0ED0), "ዐ" (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHARYNGEAL A, U+12D0), and other graphemes that have the appearance of open circles. And the reader needs to be aware that the foregoing represent merely a small sample of characters that are confusable in Unicode. In some instances of confusable characters, it is unlikely that the average human could tell the difference between the real string and the fake string. (Indeed, there is no programmatic way to distinguish with full certainty which is the fake string and which is the real string; in some contexts, the string formed of Cherokee code points might be the real string and the string formed of ASCII code points might be the fake string.) Because PRECIS-compliant strings can contain almost any properly encoded Unicode code point, it can be relatively easy to fake or mimic some strings in systems that use the PRECIS framework. The fact that some strings are easily confused introduces security vulnerabilities of the kind that have also plagued the World Wide Web, specifically the phenomenon known as phishing. Despite the fact that some specific suggestions about identification and handling of confusable characters appear in the Unicode Security Considerations [UTR36] and the Unicode Security Mechanisms [UTS39], it is also true (as noted in [RFC5890]) that "there are no comprehensive technical solutions to the problems of confusable characters." Because it is impossible to map visually similar characters without a great deal of context (such as knowing the font families used), the PRECIS framework does nothing to map similar-
looking characters together, nor does it prohibit some characters
because they look like others.
Nevertheless, specifications for application protocols that use this
framework are strongly encouraged to describe how confusable
characters can be abused to compromise the security of systems that
use the protocol in question, along with any protocol-specific
suggestions for overcoming those threats. In particular, software
implementations and service deployments that use PRECIS-based
technologies are strongly encouraged to define and implement
consistent policies regarding the registration, storage, and
presentation of visually similar characters. The following
recommendations are appropriate:
1. An application service SHOULD define a policy that specifies the
scripts or blocks of code points that the service will allow to
be registered (e.g., in an account name) or stored (e.g., in a
filename). Such a policy SHOULD be informed by the languages and
scripts that are used to write registered account names; in
particular, to reduce confusion, the service SHOULD forbid
registration or storage of strings that contain code points from
more than one script and SHOULD restrict registrations to code
points drawn from a very small number of scripts (e.g., scripts
that are well understood by the administrators of the service, to
improve manageability).
2. User-oriented application software SHOULD define a policy that
specifies how internationalized strings will be presented to a
human user. Because every human user of such software has a
preferred language or a small set of preferred languages, the
software SHOULD gather that information either explicitly from
the user or implicitly via the operating system of the user's
device.
The challenges inherent in supporting the full range of Unicode code
points have in the past led some to hope for a way to
programmatically negotiate more restrictive ranges based on locale,
script, or other relevant factors; to tag the locale associated with
a particular string; etc. As a general-purpose internationalization
technology, the PRECIS framework does not include such mechanisms.
12.6. Security of Passwords
Two goals of passwords are to maximize the amount of entropy and to
minimize the potential for false accepts. These goals can be
achieved in part by allowing a wide range of code points and by
ensuring that passwords are handled in such a way that code points
are not compared aggressively. Therefore, it is NOT RECOMMENDED for
application protocols to profile the FreeformClass for use in passwords in a way that removes entire categories (e.g., by disallowing symbols or punctuation). Furthermore, it is NOT RECOMMENDED for application protocols to map uppercase and titlecase code points to their lowercase equivalents in such strings; instead, it is RECOMMENDED to preserve the case of all code points contained in such strings and to compare them in a case-sensitive manner. That said, software implementers need to be aware that there exist trade-offs between entropy and usability. For example, allowing a user to establish a password containing "uncommon" code points might make it difficult for the user to access a service when using an unfamiliar or constrained input device. Some application protocols use passwords directly, whereas others reuse technologies that themselves process passwords (one example of such a technology is SASL [RFC4422]). Moreover, passwords are often carried by a sequence of protocols with backend authentication systems or data storage systems such as RADIUS [RFC2865] and the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) [RFC4510]. Developers of application protocols are encouraged to look into reusing these profiles instead of defining new ones, so that end-user expectations about passwords are consistent no matter which application protocol is used. In protocols that provide passwords as input to a cryptographic algorithm such as a hash function, the client will need to perform proper preparation of the password before applying the algorithm, because the password is not available to the server in plaintext form. Further discussion of password handling can be found in [RFC8265].13. Interoperability Considerations
13.1. Coded Character Sets
It is known that some existing applications and systems do not support the full Unicode coded character set, or even any characters outside the ASCII repertoire [RFC20]. If two (or more) applications or systems need to interoperate when exchanging data (e.g., for the purpose of authenticating the combination of a username and password), naturally they will need to have in common at least one coded character set and the repertoire of characters being exchanged (see [RFC6365] for definitions of these terms). Establishing such a baseline is a matter for the application or system that uses PRECIS, not for the PRECIS framework.
13.2. Dependency on Unicode
The only coded character set supported by PRECIS is Unicode. If an application or system does not support Unicode or uses a different coded character set [RFC6365], then the PRECIS rules cannot be applied to that application or system.13.3. Encoding
Although strings that are consumed in PRECIS-based application protocols are often encoded using UTF-8 [RFC3629], the exact encoding is a matter for the application protocol that uses PRECIS, not for the PRECIS framework or for specifications that define PRECIS string classes or profiles thereof.13.4. Unicode Versions
It is extremely important for protocol designers and application developers to understand that various changes can occur across versions of the Unicode Standard, and such changes can result in instability of PRECIS categories. The following are merely a few examples: o As described in [RFC6452], between Unicode 5.2 (current at the time IDNA2008 was originally published) and Unicode 6.0, three code points underwent changes in their GeneralCategory, resulting in modified handling, depending on which version of Unicode is available on the underlying system. o The HasCompat() categorization of a given input string could change if, for example, the string includes a precomposed character that was added in a recent version of Unicode. o The East Asian width property, which is used in many PRECIS width mapping rules, is not guaranteed to be stable across Unicode versions.13.5. Potential Changes to Handling of Certain Unicode Code Points
As part of the review of Unicode 7.0 for IDNA, a question was raised about a newly added code point that led to a re-analysis of the normalization rules used by IDNA and inherited by this document (Section 5.2.4). Some of the general issues are described in [IAB-Statement] and pursued in more detail in [IDNA-Unicode]. At the time of this writing, these issues have yet to be settled. However, implementers need to be aware that this specification is
likely to be updated in the future to address these issues. The
potential changes include but might not be limited to the following:
o The range of code points in the LetterDigits category
(Sections 4.2.1 and 9.1) might be narrowed.
o Some code points with special properties that are now allowed
might be excluded.
o More additional mapping rules (Section 5.2.2) might be defined.
o Alternative normalization methods might be added.
As described in Section 11.1, until these issues are settled, it is
reasonable for the IANA to apply the same precautionary principle
described in [IAB-Statement] to the "PRECIS Derived Property Value"
registry as is applied to the "IDNA Parameters" registry
<https://www.iana.org/assignments/idna-tables/>: that is, to not make
further updates to the registry.
Nevertheless, implementations and deployments are unlikely to
encounter significant problems as a consequence of these issues or
potential changes if they follow the advice given in this
specification to use the more restrictive IdentifierClass whenever
possible or, if using the FreeformClass, to allow only a restricted
set of code points, particularly avoiding code points whose
implications they do not understand.
14. References
14.1. Normative References
[RFC20] Cerf, V., "ASCII format for network interchange", STD 80,
RFC 20, DOI 10.17487/RFC0020, October 1969,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc20>.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC5198] Klensin, J. and M. Padlipsky, "Unicode Format for Network
Interchange", RFC 5198, DOI 10.17487/RFC5198, March 2008,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5198>.
[RFC6365] Hoffman, P. and J. Klensin, "Terminology Used in Internationalization in the IETF", BCP 166, RFC 6365, DOI 10.17487/RFC6365, September 2011, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6365>. [RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>. [Unicode] The Unicode Consortium, "The Unicode Standard", <http://www.unicode.org/versions/latest/>.14.2. Informative References
[DerivedCoreProperties] The Unicode Consortium, "DerivedCoreProperties- 10.0.0.txt", Unicode Character Database, March 2017, <http://www.unicode.org/Public/UCD/latest/ucd/ DerivedCoreProperties.txt>. [Err4568] RFC Errata, Erratum ID 4568, RFC 7564, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/errata/eid4568>. [IAB-Statement] Internet Architecture Board, "IAB Statement on Identifiers and Unicode 7.0.0", February 2015, <https://www.iab.org/documents/ correspondence-reports-documents/2015-2/ iab-statement-on-identifiers-and-unicode-7-0-0/>. [IDNA-Unicode] Klensin, J. and P. Faltstrom, "IDNA Update for Unicode 7.0.0", Work in Progress, draft-klensin-idna-5892upd- unicode70-04, March 2015. [PropertyAliases] The Unicode Consortium, "PropertyAliases-10.0.0.txt", Unicode Character Database, February 2017, <http://www.unicode.org/Public/UCD/latest/ucd/ PropertyAliases.txt>. [RFC2865] Rigney, C., Willens, S., Rubens, A., and W. Simpson, "Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)", RFC 2865, DOI 10.17487/RFC2865, June 2000, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2865>.
[RFC3454] Hoffman, P. and M. Blanchet, "Preparation of Internationalized Strings ("stringprep")", RFC 3454, DOI 10.17487/RFC3454, December 2002, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3454>. [RFC3490] Faltstrom, P., Hoffman, P., and A. Costello, "Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)", RFC 3490, DOI 10.17487/RFC3490, March 2003, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3490>. [RFC3491] Hoffman, P. and M. Blanchet, "Nameprep: A Stringprep Profile for Internationalized Domain Names (IDN)", RFC 3491, DOI 10.17487/RFC3491, March 2003, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3491>. [RFC3629] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646", STD 63, RFC 3629, DOI 10.17487/RFC3629, November 2003, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3629>. [RFC4422] Melnikov, A., Ed. and K. Zeilenga, Ed., "Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL)", RFC 4422, DOI 10.17487/RFC4422, June 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4422>. [RFC4510] Zeilenga, K., Ed., "Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP): Technical Specification Road Map", RFC 4510, DOI 10.17487/RFC4510, June 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4510>. [RFC4690] Klensin, J., Faltstrom, P., Karp, C., and IAB, "Review and Recommendations for Internationalized Domain Names (IDNs)", RFC 4690, DOI 10.17487/RFC4690, September 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4690>. [RFC5234] Crocker, D., Ed. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234, DOI 10.17487/RFC5234, January 2008, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5234>. [RFC5246] Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246, DOI 10.17487/RFC5246, August 2008, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5246>. [RFC5890] Klensin, J., "Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA): Definitions and Document Framework", RFC 5890, DOI 10.17487/RFC5890, August 2010, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5890>.
[RFC5891] Klensin, J., "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA): Protocol", RFC 5891, DOI 10.17487/RFC5891, August 2010, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5891>. [RFC5892] Faltstrom, P., Ed., "The Unicode Code Points and Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA)", RFC 5892, DOI 10.17487/RFC5892, August 2010, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5892>. [RFC5893] Alvestrand, H., Ed. and C. Karp, "Right-to-Left Scripts for Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA)", RFC 5893, DOI 10.17487/RFC5893, August 2010, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5893>. [RFC5894] Klensin, J., "Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA): Background, Explanation, and Rationale", RFC 5894, DOI 10.17487/RFC5894, August 2010, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5894>. [RFC5895] Resnick, P. and P. Hoffman, "Mapping Characters for Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA) 2008", RFC 5895, DOI 10.17487/RFC5895, September 2010, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5895>. [RFC6452] Faltstrom, P., Ed. and P. Hoffman, Ed., "The Unicode Code Points and Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA) - Unicode 6.0", RFC 6452, DOI 10.17487/RFC6452, November 2011, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6452>. [RFC6885] Blanchet, M. and A. Sullivan, "Stringprep Revision and Problem Statement for the Preparation and Comparison of Internationalized Strings (PRECIS)", RFC 6885, DOI 10.17487/RFC6885, March 2013, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6885>. [RFC6943] Thaler, D., Ed., "Issues in Identifier Comparison for Security Purposes", RFC 6943, DOI 10.17487/RFC6943, May 2013, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6943>. [RFC7564] Saint-Andre, P. and M. Blanchet, "PRECIS Framework: Preparation, Enforcement, and Comparison of Internationalized Strings in Application Protocols", RFC 7564, DOI 10.17487/RFC7564, May 2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7564>.
[RFC7622] Saint-Andre, P., "Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP): Address Format", RFC 7622, DOI 10.17487/RFC7622, September 2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7622>. [RFC7790] Yoneya, Y. and T. Nemoto, "Mapping Characters for Classes of the Preparation, Enforcement, and Comparison of Internationalized Strings (PRECIS)", RFC 7790, DOI 10.17487/RFC7790, February 2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7790>. [RFC8126] Cotton, M., Leiba, B., and T. Narten, "Guidelines for Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, June 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8126>. [RFC8265] Saint-Andre, P. and A. Melnikov, "Preparation, Enforcement, and Comparison of Internationalized Strings Representing Usernames and Passwords", RFC 8265, DOI 10.17487/RFC8265, October 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8265>. [RFC8266] Saint-Andre, P., "Preparation, Enforcement, and Comparison of Internationalized Strings Representing Nicknames", RFC 8266, DOI 10.17487/RFC8266, October 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8266>. [UAX11] Unicode Standard Annex #11, "East Asian Width", edited by Ken Lunde. An integral part of The Unicode Standard, <http://unicode.org/reports/tr11/>. [UAX15] Unicode Standard Annex #15, "Unicode Normalization Forms", edited by Mark Davis and Ken Whistler. An integral part of The Unicode Standard, <http://unicode.org/reports/tr15/>. [UAX9] Unicode Standard Annex #9, "Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm", edited by Mark Davis, Aharon Lanin, and Andrew Glass. An integral part of The Unicode Standard, <http://unicode.org/reports/tr9/>. [UTR36] Unicode Technical Report #36, "Unicode Security Considerations", edited by Mark Davis and Michel Suignard, <http://unicode.org/reports/tr36/>. [UTS39] Unicode Technical Standard #39, "Unicode Security Mechanisms", edited by Mark Davis and Michel Suignard, <http://unicode.org/reports/tr39/>.
Appendix A. Changes from RFC 7564
The following changes were made from [RFC7564]. o Recommended the Unicode toLowerCase() operation over the Unicode toCaseFold() operation in most PRECIS applications. o Clarified the meaning of "preparation", and described the motivation for including it in PRECIS. o Updated references. See [RFC7564] for a description of the differences from [RFC3454].Acknowledgements
Thanks to Martin Duerst, William Fisher, John Klensin, Christian Schudt, and Sam Whited for their feedback. Thanks to Sam Whited also for submitting [Err4568]. See [RFC7564] for acknowledgements related to the specification that this document supersedes. Some algorithms and textual descriptions have been borrowed from [RFC5892]. Some text regarding security has been borrowed from [RFC5890], [RFC8265], and [RFC7622].Authors' Addresses
Peter Saint-Andre Jabber.org P.O. Box 787 Parker, CO 80134 United States of America Phone: +1 720 256 6756 Email: stpeter@jabber.org URI: https://www.jabber.org/ Marc Blanchet Viagenie 246 Aberdeen Québec, QC G1R 2E1 Canada Email: Marc.Blanchet@viagenie.ca URI: http://www.viagenie.ca/