RFC 4734
Definition of Events for Modem, Fax, and Text Telephony Signals
Network Working Group H. Schulzrinne Request for Comments: 4734 Columbia U. Obsoletes: 2833 T. Taylor Updates: 4733 Nortel Category: Standards Track December 2006 Definition of Events for Modem, Fax, and Text Telephony Signals Status of This Memo This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2006).Abstract
This memo updates RFC 4733 to add event codes for modem, fax, and text telephony signals when carried in the telephony event RTP payload. It supersedes the assignment of event codes for this purpose in RFC 2833, and therefore obsoletes that part of RFC 2833.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................3 1.1. Terminology ................................................3 1.2. Overview ...................................................3 2. Definitions of Events for Control of Data, Fax, and Text Telephony Sessions ..............................................5 2.1. V.8 bis Events .............................................5 2.1.1. Handling of Congestion ..............................9 2.2. V.21 Events ...............................................10 2.2.1. Handling of Congestion .............................11 2.3. V.8 Events ................................................12 2.3.1. Handling of Congestion .............................15 2.4. V.25 Events ...............................................15 2.4.1. Handling of Congestion .............................17 2.5. V.32/V.32bis Events .......................................18 2.5.1. Handling of Congestion .............................19 2.6. T.30 Events ...............................................19 2.6.1. Handling of Congestion .............................23 2.7. Events for Text Telephony .................................23 2.7.1. Signal Format Indicators for Text Telephony ........23 2.7.2. Use of Events with V.18 Modems .....................27 2.8. A Generic Indicator .......................................28 3. Strategies for Handling Fax and Modem Signals ..................29 4. Example of V.8 Negotiation .....................................30 4.1. Simultaneous Transmission of Events and Retransmitted Events Using RFC 2198 Redundancy ............35 4.2. Simultaneous Transmission of Events and Voice-Band Data Using RFC 2198 Redundancy ............................37 5. Security Considerations ........................................39 6. IANA Considerations ............................................40 7. Acknowledgements ...............................................42 8. References .....................................................43 8.1. Normative References ......................................43 8.2. Informative References ....................................44
1. Introduction
1.1. Terminology
In this document, the key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [1]. In addition to those defined for specific events, this document uses the following abbreviations: Fax facsimile HDLC High-level Data Link Control PSTN Public Switched (circuit) Telephone Network1.2. Overview
This document extends the set of telephony events defined within the framework of RFC 4733 [5] to include the control events and tones that can appear on a subscriber line serving a fax machine, a modem, or a text telephony device. The events are organized into several groups, corresponding to the ITU-T Recommendation in which they are defined. Their purpose is to support negotiation, start-up and takedown of fax, modem, or text telephony sessions and transitions between operating modes. The actual fax, modem, and text payload is typically carried by other payload types (e.g., V.150.1 [32] modem relay, voice-band data as formalized in ITU-T Rec. V.152 [33], Clearmode [17] for digital data, T.38 [21] for fax, or RFC 4103 [18] for character-mode text). NOTE: implementers SHOULD NOT rely on the descriptions of the various modem protocols described below without consulting the original references (generally ITU-T Recommendations). The descriptions are provided in this document to give a context for the use of the events defined here. They frequently omit important details needed for implementation. The typical application of these events is to allow the Internet to serve as a bridge between terminals operating on the PSTN. This application is characterized as follows: o each gateway will act both as sender and as receiver; o time constraints apply to the exchange of signals, making the early identification and reporting of events desirable so that receiver playout can proceed in a timely fashion;
o the receiver must play out events in their proper order;
o transfer of the events must be reliable. Applications will vary
in their ability to recover from missing events.
In some cases, an implementation may simply ignore certain events,
such as fax tones, that do not make sense in a particular
environment. Section 2.4.1 of RFC 4733 [5] specifies how an
implementation can use the Session Description Protocol (SDP) "fmtp"
parameter within an SDP description [4] to indicate which events it
is prepared to handle.
Regardless of which events they support, implementations MUST be
prepared to send and receive data signals using payload types other
than telephone-event, simultaneously with the use of the latter.
This is discussed further in Section 3.
In many cases, continuity of playout is critical. In principle, this
is achieved through buffering at the receiving end. It is generally
desirable to minimize such buffering to reduce round-trip response
times. Maintenance of a constant packetization interval at the
sending end while reporting events is helpful for this purpose.
A further word on time constraints is in order. Time constraints
governing the duration of tones do not pose a problem when using the
telephone-event payload type: the payload specifies the duration and
the receiving gateway can play out the tones accordingly. Problems
occur when time constraints are specified for the duration of silence
between tones. A silent period of "at least x ms" is not a problem
-- event notifications can be received late, but they can still be
played out at their specified durations.
The problem occurs if silence must last for a specific duration or at
most some specific period. The most general constraint of the latter
type has to do with the operation of echo suppressors (ITU-T
Rec. G.164 [6]) and echo cancellers (ITU-T Rec. G.165 [7]). These
devices may re-activate after as little as 100 ms of no signal on the
line. As a result, in any situation where echo suppressors or
cancellers must be disabled for signalling to work, tone events must
be reported quickly enough to ensure that these devices do not become
re-enabled.
2. Definitions of Events for Control of Data, Fax, and Text Telephony Sessions
2.1. V.8 bis Events
Recommendation V.8 bis [10] is a general procedure for two endpoints to establish each other's capabilities and to transition between different operating modes, both at call startup and after the call has been established. It supports many of the same terminals as V.8 [9] (Section 2.3 below), but allows more detailed parameter negotiation. It lacks support for some of the older V-series modems defined in V.8, but adds capabilities for simultaneous or alternating voice and data, H.324 [20] multilink, and T.120 [23] conferencing. Following V.8 bis capability negotiations, if the terminals have negotiated a modem-based operating mode, they initiate the actual modem session using either V.8, a truncated version of V.8 (preferred), or V.25 start-up. V.25 is described in Section 2.4. V.8 bis distinguishes between "signals" and "messages". The V.8 bis signals -- ESi/ESr, MRe/MRd, and CRe/CRd -- consist of tones, as described in the next few paragraphs. The V.8 bis messages -- MS, CL, CLR, ACK(1), ACK(2), NAK(1), NAK(2), NACK(3), and NACK(4) -- consist of sequences of bits transported over V.21 [12] modulation. Signals are intended to be comprehensible at the receiver even in the presence of voice content. They consist of two tone segments. The first segment consists of a dual-frequency tone held for 400 ms, and has the function of preparing the receiver and any in-line echo suppressor or canceller for what follows. The specific frequencies depend only on whether the signal is from the initiator or the responder in a transaction. When using the telephone-event payload, the V8bISeg and V8bRSeg events in Table 1 represent the first segment of any V.8 bis signal in the initiating and responding case, respectively. The complete V.8 bis strategy for dealing with echo suppressors or cancellers is described in Rec. V.8 bis Appendix III. The only silent period constraints imposed are of the "at least" type, posing no difficulties for the use of the telephone-event payload. The second segment follows immediately after the first, and is a single tone held for 100 ms. The frequency used indicates the specific signal of the six signals defined. When using the telephone-event payload, the second segment of a V.8 bis signal is represented by the applicable event: CRdSeg, CReSeg, MRdSeg, MReSeg,
ESiSeg, or ESrSeg, as defined in Table 1. ESiSeg and ESrSeg use the same frequencies as V.21 low and high channel '1' bits, respectively (see Table 2), and are therefore assigned the same event codes. V.8 bis messages use V.21 [12] frequency-shift signalling to transfer message content. V.21 is described in the next section. V.8 bis uses V.21 in half-duplex mode at 300 bits/s, with the lower channel assigned to the initiator and the upper channel to the responder. Each V.8 bis message is preceded by a 100-ms preamble of continuous V.21 marking frequency except if it was immediately preceded by an ESi or ESr signal (the second segment of which is that same V.21 marking frequency). The sender SHALL NOT report this preamble tone using the ESiSeg or ESrSeg events; these are to be used only for the V.8 bis signals to which they pertain. Spelling this out, continuous V.21 marking tone immediately following V8bISeg and V8bRSeg is reported as ESiSeg or ESrSeg, respectively. Continuous V.21 marking tone occurring in any other context, and particularly after CRdSeg, CReSeg, MRdSeg, or MReSeg, is reported by other means such as a different payload type or using the V.21 '1' bit events defined in Section 2.2. No events are defined for V.8 bis messages, but a brief description follows. o the V.8 bis CL message describes the sending terminal's capabilities; o the CLR message also describes capabilities, but indicates that the sender wants to receive a CL in return; o the MS establishes a particular operating mode; o the ACK and NAK messages are used to terminate the message transactions. The V.8 bis messages are organized as a sequence of octets. The first two to five octets are HDLC flags (0x7E). Then comes a message type identifier (four bits), a V.8 bis version identifier (four bits), zero to two more octets of identifying information, followed by zero or more information field parameters in the form of bit maps. An individual bit map is one to five octets in length. Up to 64 octets of non-standard information may also be present. The information fields are followed by a checksum and one to three HDLC flags. Because of limits on the size of any one information field, V.8 bis defines segmentation procedures. Excess data is sent in an additional message, but only after prompting from the receiving end.
Applications supporting V.8 bis signalling using the telephone-event
payload MAY transfer V.8 bis messages in the form of sequences of
bits, using the V.21 bit events defined in the next section. If they
do so, the transmitted information MUST include the complete contents
of the message: the initial HDLC flags, the information field, the
checksum, and the terminating HDLC flags.
Transmission MUST also include the extra '0' bits added according to
the procedures of Rec. V.8 bis, clause 7.2.8, to prevent false
recognition of HDLC flags at the receiver. Implementers should note
that these extra '0' bits mean that in general V.8 bis messages as
transmitted on the wire will not come out to an even multiple of
octets. Sending implementations MAY choose to vary the packetization
interval to include exactly one octet of information plus any extra
'0' bits inserted into that octet; the resulting variation will be
insignificant compared with the amount of buffering required to guard
against network delays in delivery of packets to the receiver (see
below).
One reason for reporting the V.21 bits exactly as presented on the
wire is to match the corresponding content if it is also carried
by other means, such as voice-band data.
The power levels of the V.8 bis and V.21 signals are subject to
national regulation. Thus, it seems suitable to model V.8 bis events
as tones for which the volumes SHOULD be specified by the sender. If
the receiver is rendering the V.8 bis tones as audio content for
onward transmission, the receiver MAY use the volumes contained in
the event reports, or MAY modify the volumes to match downstream
national requirements.
Table 1 summarizes the event codes defined for V.8 bis signalling in
this document. The individual events are described following the
table. Each event begins when the beginning of the tone segment is
detected and ends when the tone is no longer detected.
+---------+-------------+-----------+------------+------+---------+
| Event | Freq. (Hz) | Dur. (ms) | Event Code | Type | Volume? |
+---------+-------------+-----------+------------+------+---------+
| ESiSeg | 980 | 100 | 38 | tone | yes |
| | | | | | |
| ESrSeg | 1650 | 100 | 40 | tone | yes |
| | | | | | |
| CRdSeg | 1900 | 100 | 23 | tone | yes |
| | | | | | |
| CReSeg | 400 | 100 | 24 | tone | yes |
| | | | | | |
| MRdSeg | 1150 | 100 | 25 | tone | yes |
| | | | | | |
| MReSeg | 650 | 100 | 26 | tone | yes |
| | | | | | |
| V8bISeg | 1375 + 2002 | 400 | 28 | tone | yes |
| | | | | | |
| V8bRSeg | 1529 + 2225 | 400 | 29 | tone | yes |
+---------+-------------+-----------+------------+------+---------+
Table 1: Events for V.8 bis Signals
ESiSeg:
The second segment of a V.8 bis initiating Escape Signal (ESi).
The complete ESi signal is represented by events V8bISeg followed
by ESiSeg. ESi will be followed by an MS, CL, or CLR message from
the same terminal. A 1.5-s silent interval may come between the
ESi signal and the transmission of the MS, CL, or CLR message to
accommodate network echo suppressors.
ESrSeg:
The second segment of a V.8 bis responding Escape Signal (ESr).
The complete ESr signal is represented by events V8bRSeg followed
by ESrSeg. ESr is always sent by the calling terminal in response
to an MRe or CRe from an automatic answering station. It will be
followed by an MS, CL, or CLR message. The ESr signal turns off
any announcement being generated by the automatic answering
station.
CRdSeg:
The second segment of a V.8 bis Capabilities Request signal (CRd).
The first segment of the CRd signal is represented either by
V8bISeg or V8bRSeg, depending on context. The other end will
return a capabilities list (CL or CLR message).
CReSeg:
The second segment of a V.8 bis Capabilities Request signal (CRe)
initiated by an automatic answering terminal. The complete CRe
signal is represented by events V8bISeg followed by CReSeg. The
calling terminal will respond with a CRd signal or a CL or CLR
message.
MRdSeg:
The second segment of a V.8 bis Mode Request signal (MRd). The
first segment of the MRd signal is represented either by V8bISeg
or V8bRSeg, depending on context. The other end will return a CRd
signal or an MS message.
MReSeg:
The second segment of a V.8 bis Mode Request signal (MRe)
initiated by an automatic answering terminal. The complete MRe
signal is represented by events V8bISeg followed by MReSeg. The
calling terminal will respond with an MRd or CRd signal or an MS
message.
V8bISeg:
The first segment of an initiating V.8 bis signal, which may be
one of ESi, CRd, CRe, MRd, or MRe.
V8bRSeg:
The first segment of a responding V.8 bis signal, which may be one
of ESr, CRd, or MRd.
2.1.1. Handling of Congestion
V.8 bis implementations are unlikely to tolerate gaps or extensions
in playout times due to congestion-caused packet delay. At a
minimum, the current transaction is liable to be reset when these
defects in playout occur. As a result, careful management of the
playout buffer is required at the receiver to increase robustness in
the face of possible lost or delayed packets. The playout algorithm
should also be such as not to cause event playout to exceed the
nominal duration of the event.
V.8 bis does not appear to offer opportunities for dynamic adaptation
to congestion through manipulation of the packetization interval.
2.2. V.21 Events
V.21 [12] is a modem protocol offering data transmission at a maximum rate of 300 bits/s. Two channels are defined, supporting full duplex data transmission if required. The low channel uses frequencies 980 Hz for '1' (mark) and 1180 Hz for '0' (space); the high channel uses frequencies 1650 Hz for '1' and 1850 Hz for '0'. The modem can operate synchronously or asynchronously. V.21 is used by other protocols (e.g., V.8 bis, V.18, T.30) for transmission of control data, and is also used in its own right between text terminals. The V.21 events are summarized in Table 2. Sending implementations SHOULD report a completed event for every bit transmitted (i.e., rather than at transitions between '0' and '1'). Bit events are assumed to begin and end with the clock interval for the event, neglecting the rise and fall times between bit transitions. Thus, it is important for a gateway to determine the actual bit rate in use before beginning to report V.21 events. Sometimes determination of the bit rate is not immediately possible, as in the case of the 100-ms training signal at V.21 mark frequency used before V.8 bis messages. Transmission of a single longer-duration V.21 event is reasonable under these circumstances and should not cause any difficulties at the receiving end. Implementations SHOULD pack multiple events into one packet, using the procedures of Section 2.5.1.5 of RFC 4733 [5]. Eight to ten bits is a reasonable packetization interval. Reliable transmission of V.21 events is important, to prevent data corruption. Reporting an event per bit rather than per transition increases reporting redundancy and thus reporting reliability, since each event completion is transmitted three times as described in Section 2.5.1.4 of RFC 4733 [5]. To reduce the number of packets required for reporting, implementations SHOULD carry the retransmitted events using RFC 2198 [2] redundancy encoding. This is illustrated in the example in Section 4.1. The time to transmit one V.21 bit at the nominal rate of 300 bits/s is 3.33 ms, or 26.67 timestamp units at the default 8000-Hz sampling rate for the telephone-event payload type. Because this duration is not an integral number of timestamp units, accurate reporting of the beginning of the event and the event duration is impossible. Sending gateways SHOULD round V.21 event starting times to the nearest whole timestamp unit.
When sending multiple consecutive V.21 events in a succession of
packets, the sending gateway MUST ensure that individual event
durations reported do not cause the last event of one packet to
overlap with the first event of the next, taking into account the
respective initial event timestamps. To accomplish this, the sending
gateway MUST derive the individual event durations as the succession
of differences between the event starting times (so that, at 8000 Hz,
every third event has reported duration 26 units, the remainder 27
units).
Where a receiving gateway recognizes that a packet reports a
consecutive series of V.21 bit events, it SHOULD play them out at a
uniform rate despite the possible one-timestamp-unit discrepancies in
their reported spacing and duration.
+--------------------+----------------+------------+------+---------+
| Event | Frequency (Hz) | Event Code | Type | Volume? |
+--------------------+----------------+------------+------+---------+
| V.21 channel 1, | 1180 | 37 | tone | yes |
| '0' bit | | | | |
| | | | | |
| V.21 channel 1, | 980 | 38 | tone | yes |
| '1' bit | | | | |
| | | | | |
| V.21 channel 2, | 1850 | 39 | tone | yes |
| '0' bit | | | | |
| | | | | |
| V.21 channel 2, | 1650 | 40 | tone | yes |
| '1' bit | | | | |
+--------------------+----------------+------------+------+---------+
Table 2: Events for V.21 Signals
Implementations that choose to transmit V.21 content using a
different payload type may wish to use one of the indicator events
defined in Table 7 to alert the receiver to the nature of the
content. It is not expected that an implementation will send both
one of these indicator events and the V.21 bit events defined above
for the same content.
2.2.1. Handling of Congestion
The duration of V.21 bits cannot be extended from its nominal value
(which depends on the transmission rate). The playout algorithm at
the receiver should take this constraint into account when
compensating for the delay or loss of packets due to congestion.
Other congestion-related considerations depend on the specific application for which the V.21 bit events are being used.2.3. V.8 Events
V.8 [9] is an older general negotiation and control protocol, supporting startup for the following terminals: H.324 [20] multimedia, V.18 [11] text, T.101 [22] videotext, T.30 [8] send or receive fax, and a long list of V-series modems including V.34 [28], V.90 [29], V.91 [30], and V.92 [31]. In contrast to V.8 bis [10], in V.8 only the calling terminal can determine the operating mode. V.8 does not use the same terminology as V.8 bis. Rather, it defines four signals that consist of bits transferred by V.21 [12] at 300 bits/s: the call indicator signal (CI), the call menu signal (CM), the CM terminator (CJ), and the joint menu signal (JM). In addition, it uses tones defined in V.25 [13] and T.30 [8] (described below), and one tone (ANSam) defined in V.8 itself. The calling terminal sends using the V.21 low channel; the answering terminal uses the high channel. The basic protocol sequence is subject to a number of variations to accommodate different terminal types. A pure V.8 sequence is as follows: 1. After an initial period of silence, the calling terminal transmits the V.8 CI signal. It repeats CI at least three times, continuing with occasional pauses until it detects ANSam tone. The CI indicates whether the calling terminal wants to function as H.324, V.18, T.30 send, T.30 receive, or a V-series modem. 2. The answering terminal transmits ANSam after detecting CI. ANSam will disable any G.164 [6] echo suppressors on the circuit after 400 ms and any G.165 [7] echo cancellers after one second of ANSam playout. 3. On detecting ANSam, the calling terminal pauses at least half a second, then begins transmitting CM to indicate detailed capabilities within the chosen mode. 4. After detecting at least two identical sequences of CM, the answering terminal begins to transmit JM, indicating its own capabilities (or offering an alternative terminal type if it cannot support the one requested).
5. After detecting at least two identical sequences of JM, the
calling terminal completes the current octet of CM, then
transmits CJ to acknowledge the JM signal. It pauses exactly 75
ms, then starts operating in the selected mode.
6. The answering terminal transmits JM until it has detected CJ. At
that point, it stops transmitting JM immediately, pauses exactly
75 ms, then starts operating in the selected mode.
The CI, CM, and JM signals all consist of a fixed sequence of ten '1'
bits followed by a signal-dependent pattern of ten synchronization
bits, followed by one or more octets of variable information. Each
octet is preceded by a '0' start bit and followed by a '1' stop bit.
The combination of the synchronization pattern and V.21 channel
uniquely identifies the message type. The CJ signal consists of
three successive octets of all zeros with stop and start bits but
without the preceding '1's and synchronizing pattern of the other
signals.
Applications MAY report each instance of a CM, JM, and CJ signal,
respectively, as a series of V.21 bit events (Section 2.2), or may
use another payload type to carry this information. Applications
supporting V.8 signalling using the telephone-event payload MAY
report the synchronization part of the CI signal (ten '1's followed
by '00000 00001') both as a series of V.21 bit events and, when it
has been recognized, as a single CI event.
Note that the CI event covers only the synchronization part of the
CI signal. The remaining call function octet and its start and
stop bits need to be transmitted also, either as a series of V.21
bit events or in some other payload format. Presumably, the
calling end gateway will use the same format for the CM and CJ
signals.
The overlapping nature of V.8 signalling means that there is no risk
of silence exceeding 100 ms once ANSam has disabled any echo control
circuitry. However, the 75-ms pause before entering operation in the
selected data mode will require both the calling and the answering
gateways to recognize the completion of CJ, so they can change from
playout of telephone-event to playout of the data-bearing payload
after the 75-ms period.
+--------+----------------------+------------+------+---------+
| Event | Frequency (Hz) | Event Code | Type | Volume? |
+--------+----------------------+------------+------+---------+
| ANSam | 2100 x 15 | 34 | tone | yes |
| | | | | |
| /ANSam | 2100 x 15 phase rev. | 35 | tone | yes |
| | | | | |
| CI | (V.21 bits) | 53 | tone | yes |
+--------+----------------------+------------+------+---------+
Table 3: Events for V.8 Signals
ANSam:
The modified answer tone ANSam consists of a sinewave signal at
2100 Hz, amplitude-modulated by a sine wave at 15 Hz. The
beginning of the event is at the beginning of the tone. The end
of the event is at the sooner of the ending of the tone or the
occurrence of a phase reversal (marking the beginning of a /ANSam
event). Phase reversals are used to disable echo cancellation; if
they are being applied, they occur at 450-ms intervals.
An ANSam event packet SHOULD NOT be sent until it is possible to
discriminate between an ANSam event and an ANS event (see V.25
events, below).
The modulated envelope for the ANSam tone ranges in amplitude
between 0.8 and 1.2 times its average amplitude. The average
transmitted power is governed by national regulations. Thus, it
makes sense to indicate the volume of the signal.
/ANSam:
/ANSam reports the same physical signal as ANSam, but is reported
following the first phase reversal in that signal. It begins with
the phase reversal and ends at the end of the tone. The receiver
of /ANSam MUST reverse the phase of the tone at the beginning of
playout of /ANSam and every 450 ms thereafter until the end of the
tone is reached.
CI:
CI reports the occurrence of the V.21 bit pattern '11111 11111
00000 00001' indicating the beginning of a V.8 CI signal. The
event begins at the beginning of the first bit and ends at the end
of the last one. This event MUST NOT be reported except in a
context where a V.8 CI signal might be expected (i.e., at the
calling end during call setup). Note that if the calling modem
sends the CI signal at all, it will typically repeat the signal
several times.
It is expected that the CI event will be most useful when the
modem content is being transmitted primarily using another payload
type. The event acts as a commentary on that content, allowing
the receiver to recognize that V.8 signalling is in progress.
2.3.1. Handling of Congestion
The tolerances built into V.8 suggest that it may be mostly robust in
the face of packet losses or delays. Playout of ANSam and /ANSam can
be extended for multiple packetization periods without harm, provided
that phase reversals occur on schedule at 450-ms intervals during
playout of the latter.
To increase robustness of transmission of the V.21-based signals,
sending applications using the V.21 events SHOULD include an integral
number of octets, including start and stop bits, in each packet. The
presence of start and stop bits provides some hope that receiving
implementations can withstand unavoidable gaps in playout between
octets. When a message is being repeated (as is possible for CI, CM,
and JM), an even stronger robustness measure would be for the
receiver to retain a copy of the message when it is first received,
and when a packet is delayed or lost to continue playing out the
current message instance and commence a new repetition as if packets
had continued to arrive on schedule.
2.4. V.25 Events
V.25 [13] is a start-up protocol predating V.8 [9] and V.8 bis [10].
It specifies the exchange of two tone signals: CT and ANS.
CT (calling tone) consists of a series of interrupted bursts of
1300-Hz tone, on for a duration of not less than 0.5 s and not more
than 0.7 s and off for a duration of not less than 1.5 s and not more
than 2.0 s. [13]. Modems not starting with the V.8 CI signal often
use this tone.
ANS (Answer tone) is a 2100-Hz tone used to disable echo suppression
for data transmission [13], [8]. For fax machines, Recommendation
T.30 [8] refers to this tone as called terminal identification (CED)
answer tone. ANS differs from V.8 ANSam in that, unlike the latter,
it has constant amplitude.
V.25 specifically includes procedures for disabling echo suppressors
as defined by ITU-T Rec. G.164 [6]. However, G.164 echo suppressors
have now for the most part been replaced by G.165 [7] echo
cancellers, which require phase reversals in the disabling tone (see
ANSam above). As a result, Recommendation V.25 was modified in July
2001 to say that phase reversal in the ANS tone is required if echo
cancellers are to be disabled.
One possible V.25 sequence is as follows:
1. The calling terminal starts generating CT as soon as the call is
connected.
2. The called terminal waits in silence for 1.8 to 2.5 s after
answer, then begins to transmit ANS continuously. If echo
cancellers are on the line, the phase of the ANS signal is
reversed every 450 ms. ANS will not reach the calling terminal
until the echo control equipment has been disabled. Since this
takes about a second, it can only happen in the gap between one
burst of CT and the next.
3. Following detection of ANS, the calling terminal may stop
generating CT immediately or wait until the end of the current
burst to stop. In any event, it must wait at least 400 ms (at
least 1 s if phase reversal of ANS is being used to disable echo
cancellers) after stopping CT before it can generate the calling
station response tone. This tone is modem-specific, not
specified in V.25.
4. The called terminal plays out ANS for 2.6 to 4.0 seconds or until
it has detected calling station response for 100 ms. It waits
55-95 ms (nominal 75 ms) in silence. (Note that the upper limit
of 95 ms is rather close to the point at which echo control may
reestablish itself.) If the reason for ANS termination was
timeout rather than detection of calling station response, the
called terminal begins to play out ANS again to maintain
disabling of echo control until the calling station responds.
The events defined for V.25 signalling are shown in Table 4.
+-------------------+----------------+------------+------+---------+
| Event | Frequency (Hz) | Event Code | Type | Volume? |
+-------------------+----------------+------------+------+---------+
| Answer tone (ANS) | 2100 | 32 | tone | yes |
| | | | | |
| /ANS | 2100 ph. rev. | 33 | tone | yes |
| | | | | |
| CT | 1300 | 49 | tone | yes |
+-------------------+----------------+------------+------+---------+
Table 4: Events for V.25 Signals
ANS:
The beginning of the event is at the beginning of the 2100-Hz
tone. The end of the event is at the sooner of the ending of the
tone or the occurrence of a phase reversal (marking the beginning
of a /ANS event).
An initial ANS event packet SHOULD NOT be sent until it is
possible to discriminate between an ANS event and an ANSam event
(see V.8 events, above).
/ANS:
/ANS reports the same physical signal as ANS, but is reported
following the first phase reversal in that signal. It begins with
the phase reversal and ends at the end of the tone. The receiver
of /ANS MUST reverse the phase of the tone at the beginning of
playout of /ANS and every 450 ms thereafter until the end of the
tone is reached.
CT:
The beginning of the CT event is at the beginning of an individual
burst of the 1300-Hz tone. The end of the event is at the end of
that tone burst. The gateway at the calling end SHOULD use a
packetization interval smaller than the nominal duration of a CT
burst, to ensure that CT playout at the called end precedes the
sending of ANS from that end.
2.4.1. Handling of Congestion
The V.25 sequence appears to be robust in the face of lost or delayed
packets, provided that the receiver continues to play out any tone it
is in the process of playing until more packets are received. The
receiver must play out the phase transitions for /ANS on schedule, at
450-ms intervals, even if updates of the /ANS event have been
delayed. It also appears to be possible for the sender to
temporarily increase the packetization interval to reduce packet
volumes when congestion is encountered. The one risk is that
extended playout proceeds past the actual end of the tone (as
determined retroactively), and the receiver is forced to continue
imposing an additional playout buffering lag in order to meet the
constraint on maximum duration of the nominal 75-ms silent period
following tone playout.
2.5. V.32/V.32bis Events
ITU-T Recommendation V.32 [14] is a modem using phase-shift keying with quadrature amplitude modification. It operates on a carrier at 1800 Hz, modulated at 2400 symbols/s. The basic data rates for V.32 are 4800 and 9600 bits/s. V.32bis [15] extends the data rates up to 14,400 bits/s. Most or all existing deployments are V.32bis, typically in support of point-of-sale terminals and the like. One reason V.32bis is still used is because of its relatively rapid start-up sequence, particularly on leased lines. Operating over the public telephone network, the start-up begins as follows: a. the answering end begins with the V.25 answering procedure (1.8 to 2.5 s of silence followed by continuous ANS tone to a maximum of 3.3 s, with possible phase reversals to disable echo cancelling equipment); b. the calling end waits in silence until it has detected ANS for 1 s; c. the calling end begins to transmit a V.32/V.32bis pattern designated AA, i.e., a series of '0000' bit sequences transmitted at 4800 bits/s; d. upon detecting the AA pattern for at least 100 ms, the called modem is silent for 75 +/- 20 ms, then responds with an AC pattern, which is a series of '0011' bit sequences transmitted at 4800 bits/s. The difference in leased line operation is that the calling modem starts the session by sending AA. After that, the called modem responds with AC, and the rest of the sequence is unchanged. In support of V.32/V.32bis operation, Table 5 defines two events, V32AA and V32AC. +----------------+------------------+------------+------+---------+ | Event | Bit Pattern | Event Code | Type | Volume? | +----------------+------------------+------------+------+---------+ | V32AA | b'0000' repeated | 63 | tone | yes | | | | | | | | V32AC | b'0011' repeated | 27 | tone | yes | +----------------+------------------+------------+------+---------+ Table 5: Events for V.32/V.32bis Signals
V32AA:
Indicates that the AA calling pattern of a V.32/V.32bis terminal
has been detected.
V32AC:
Indicates that the AC answering pattern of a V.32/V.32bis terminal
has been detected.
Each of these two events begins at the beginning of its pattern, and
ends nominally when the pattern stops being received. Following the
sending of either of these events the session may continue using
V.150.1 modem relay [32] or Clearmode [17] as negotiated or
configured in advance. To help make the transition as quickly as
possible, the V32AA or V32AC event SHOULD be reported as soon as the
corresponding pattern is detected. It seems likely that the
implementation will be transmitting the event reports simultaneously
with the same data in an alternate form, typically using RFC 2198 [2]
redundancy.
2.5.1. Handling of Congestion
The primary issue raised by congestion is the loss or undue delay of
the initial report. Once the receiver is aware that an AA or AC
pattern has been detected, further reports are of no interest. The
actual duration of the AC pattern may be as short as 27 ms. On this
basis, the appropriate sender behavior may be to send at least three
packets reporting the event using normal event updates and end of
event retransmission behavior and a fairly short packetization
interval (20-30 ms).
2.6. T.30 Events
ITU-T Recommendation T.30 [8] defines the procedures used by Group
III fax terminals. The pre-message procedures for which the events
of this section are defined are used to identify terminal
capabilities at each end and negotiate operating mode. Post-message
procedures are also included, to handle cases such as multiple
document transmission. Fax terminals support a wide variety of
protocol stacks, so T.30 has a number of options for control
protocols and sequences.
T.30 defines two tone signals used at the beginning of a call. The
CNG signal is sent by the calling terminal. It is a pure 1100-Hz
tone played in bursts: 0.5 s on, 3 s off. It continues until timeout
or until the calling terminal detects a response. Its primary
purpose is to let human operators at the called end know that a fax
terminal has been activated at the calling end.
The called terminal waits in silence for at least 200 ms. It then
may return CED tone (which is physically identical to V.25 ANS), or
else V.8 ANSam if it has V.8 capability. If called and calling
terminals both support V.8, the called terminal will detect CI or
more likely CM in response to its ANSam and will continue with V.8
negotiation. Otherwise, the called terminal stops transmitting CED
after 2.6 to 4 seconds, waits 75 +/- 20 ms in silence, then enters
the T.30 negotiation phase.
In the T.30 negotiation phase the terminals exchange binary messages
using V.21 signals, high channel frequencies only, at 300 bits/s.
Each message is preceded by a one-second (nominal) preamble
consisting entirely of HDLC flag octets (0x7E). This flag has the
function of preparing echo control equipment for the message that
follows.
The pre-transfer messages exchanged using the V.21 coding are:
Digital Identification Signal (DIS):
Characterizes the standard ITU-T capabilities of the called
terminal. This is always the first message sent.
Digital Transmit Command (DTC):
A possible response to the DIS signal by the calling terminal. It
requests the called terminal to be the transmitter of the fax
content.
Digital Command Signal (DCS):
A command message sent by the transmitting terminal to indicate
the options to be used in the transmission and request that the
other end prepare to receive fax content. This is sent by the
calling end if it will transmit, or by the called end in response
to a DTC from the calling end. It is followed by a training
signal, also sent by the transmitting terminal.
Confirmation To Receive (CFR):
A digital response confirming that the entire pre-message
procedure including training has been completed and the message
transmissions may commence.
Each message may consist of multiple frames bounded by HDLC flags. The messages are organized as a series of octets, but like V.8 bis, T.30 calls for the insertion of extra '0' bits to prevent spurious recognition of HDLC flags. T.30 also provides for the transmission of control messages after document transmission has completed (e.g., to support transmission of multiple documents). The transition to and from the modem used for document transmission (V.17 [24], V.27ter [26], V.29 [27], V.34 [28]) is preceded by 75 ms (nominal) of silence). Applications supporting T.30 signalling using the telephone-event payload MAY report the preamble preceding each message both as a series of V.21 bit events and, when it has been recognized, as a single V.21 preamble event. The T.30 control message following the preamble MAY be reported in the form of a sequence of V.21 bit events or using some other payload type. If transmitted as bit events, the transmitted information MUST include the complete contents of the message: the initial HDLC flags, the information field, the checksum, the terminating HDLC flags, and the extra '0' bits added to prevent false recognition of HDLC flags at the receiver. Implementers should note that these extra '0' bits mean that in general T.30 messages as transmitted on the wire will not come out to an even multiple of octets. The training signal sent by the transmitting terminal after DCS consists of a steady string of V.21 high channel zeros (1850-Hz tone) for 1.5 s. Since the bit rate (nominally 300 bits/s) should have been clearly established when processing the preceding signalling, it is natural that if the telephony-event payload type is being used, this training signal will also be sent as a series of V.21 bit events at that bit rate. However, if the sending gateway is capable of recognizing the transition from the end of the DCS to the start of training, it MAY report the training signal as a single extended V.21 (high channel) '0' event. The events defined for T.30 signalling are shown in Table 6. The CED and /CED events represent exactly the same tone signals as V.25 ANS and /ANS, and are given the same codepoints; they are reproduced here only for convenience.
+--------------------+----------------+------------+------+---------+
| Event | Frequency (Hz) | Event Code | Type | Volume? |
+--------------------+----------------+------------+------+---------+
| CED (Called tone) | 2100 | 32 | tone | yes |
| | | | | |
| /CED | 2100 ph. rev. | 33 | tone | yes |
| | | | | |
| CNG (Calling tone) | 1100 | 36 | tone | yes |
| | | | | |
| V.21 preamble flag | (V.21 bits) | 54 | tone | yes |
+--------------------+----------------+------------+------+---------+
Table 6: Events for T.30 Signals
CED:
The beginning of the event is at the beginning of the 2100-Hz
tone. The end of the event is at the sooner of the ending of the
tone or the occurrence of a phase reversal (marking the beginning
of a /CED event).
An initial CED event packet SHOULD NOT be sent until it is
possible to discriminate between a CED event and an ANSam event
(see V.8 events, above).
/CED:
/CED reports the same physical signal as CED, but is reported
following the first phase reversal in that signal. It begins with
the phase reversal and ends at the end of the tone. The receiver
of /CED MUST reverse the phase of the tone at the beginning of
playout of /CED and every 450 ms thereafter until the end of the
tone is reached.
CNG:
The beginning of the CNG event is at the beginning of an
individual burst of the 1100-Hz tone. The end of the event is at
the end of that tone burst.
V.21 preamble flag:
This event begins with the first V.21 bits transmitted after a
period of silence. It ends when a pattern of V.21 bits other than
an HDLC flag is observed. This means that the V.21 preamble event
absorbs the initial HDLC flags of the following message.
It is expected that the V.21 preamble flag event will be most
useful when the modem content is being transmitted primarily using
another payload type. The event acts as a commentary on that
content, allowing the receiver to prepare itself to transition to
fax mode.
2.6.1. Handling of Congestion
T.30 appears to be an intermediate case in terms of its vulnerability
to congestion. Tone playout in the face of packet delay or loss is
subject to the same considerations as for V.25 (see Section 2.4.1).
Similarly, the receiver may extend playout of the preamble event
while waiting for further reports. However, gaps or extended playout
of the V.21 sequences are not feasible. This means, as with V.8 bis,
that the receiver must manage its playout buffer appropriately to
increase robustness in the face of congestion.
2.7. Events for Text Telephony
2.7.1. Signal Format Indicators for Text Telephony
Legacy text telephony uses a wide variety of terminals, with
different standards favored in different parts of the world. Going
forward, the vision is that new terminals will work directly into the
packet network and be based on RFC 4103 [18] packetization of
character data. In anticipation of this migration, it is RECOMMENDED
that text carried in the PSTN by legacy modem protocols be converted
to RFC 4103 packets at the sending gateway.
During a transitional period, however, gateways of a lesser
capability may be able to recognize the nature of incoming content,
but may only be able to encode it as voice-band data on the packet
side. In such circumstances, it will help to optimize processing of
the signal at the receiving end if that end receives an indication of
the nature of the voice-encoded data signals. The events defined in
this section provide such indications, and MAY be used in conjunction
with ITU-T Recommendation V.152 [33], as one example, to carry the
content as voice-band data.
Implementers should take note of an additional class of text
terminals not considered in the events below. These terminals use
dual tone multi-frequency (DTMF) tones to encode and exchange
signals. This application is described in RFC 4733 [5], Section 3.1,
in conjunction with the registration of DTMF events.
The events shown in Table 7 correspond to signals coming from the following modem types: o Baudot [34], a five bit character encoding nominally operating at 45.45 or 50 bits/s with frequencies 1800 Hz = '0', 1400 Hz = '1'; o EDT, which is V.21 [12] operating at 110 bits/s in half-duplex mode (lower channel only); characters are 7-bit IA5 plus initial start bit, trailing parity bit, and two stop bits; o Bell 103 mode (documented in Recommendation V.18 Annex D), which is structurally similar to V.21, but uses different frequencies: lower channel, 1070 Hz = '0', 1270 Hz = '1'; upper channel, 2025 Hz = '0', 2225 Hz = '1'; characters are US ASCII framed by one start bit, one trailing parity bit, and one stop bit; o V.23 [25] based videotex, in Minitel and Prestel versions. V.23 offers a forward channel operating at 1200 bits/s if possible (2100 Hz = '0', 1300 Hz = '1') or otherwise at 600 bits/s (1700 Hz = '0', 1300 Hz = '1'), and a 75 bits/s backward channel, which is transmitting 390 Hz (continuous '1's) except when '0' is to be transmitted (450 Hz); o a non-V.18 text terminal using V.21 [12] at 300 bits/s. Characters are 7-bit national (e.g., US ASCII) with a start bit, parity, and one stop bit.
+----------+-----------+----------------+---------+-------+---------+
| Event | Bit Rate | Frequency (Hz) | Event | Type | Volume? |
| | bits/s | | Code | | |
+----------+-----------+----------------+---------+-------+---------+
| ANS2225 | N/A | 2225 | 52 | tone | yes |
| | | | | | |
| V21L110 | 110 | 980/1180 | 55 | other | no |
| | | | | | |
| V21L300 | 300 | 980/1180 | 30 | other | no |
| | | | | | |
| V21H300 | 300 | 1650/1850 | 31 | other | no |
| | | | | | |
| B103L300 | 300 | 1070/1270 | 56 | other | no |
| | | | | | |
| V23Main | 600/1200 | 1700-2100/1300 | 57 | other | no |
| | | | | | |
| V23Back | 75 | 450/390 | 58 | other | no |
| | | | | | |
| Baud4545 | 45.45 | 1800/1400 | 59 | other | no |
| | | | | | |
| Baud50 | 50 | 1800/1400 | 60 | other | no |
| | | | | | |
| XCIMark | 1200 | 2100/1300 | 62 | tone | yes |
+----------+-----------+----------------+---------+-------+---------+
Table 7: Indicators for Text Telephony
ANS2225:
indicates that a 2225-Hz answer tone has been detected. This is a
pure tone with no amplitude modulation and no semantics attached
to phase reversals, if there are any. The sender SHOULD report
the beginning of the event when the tone is detected. The sender
MAY send updates as the tone continues, and MUST report the end of
the event when the tone ceases. The tone concerned is generated
by a Bell 103-type modem in answer mode. This event MUST NOT be
reported outside of the startup context (i.e., on the answering
side at the beginning of a call).
V21L110:
indicates that the sender has detected V.21 modulation operating
in the lower channel at 110 bits/s. Note that it may take some
time to distinguish between 300 bits/s and 110 bits/s operation.
It is expected that implementations will not transmit both this
event and individual V.21 bit events for the same content.
V21L300:
indicates that the sender has detected V.21 modulation operating
in the lower channel at 300 bits/s. Note that it may take some
time to distinguish between 300 bits/s and 110 bits/s operation.
It is expected that implementations will not transmit both this
event and individual V.21 bit events for the same content.
V21H300:
indicates that the sender has detected V.21 modulation operating
in the upper channel at 300 bits/s. It is expected that
implementations will not transmit both this event and individual
V.21 bit events for the same content.
B103L300:
indicates that the sending device has detected Bell 103 class
modulation operating in the low channel at 300 bits/s.
V23Main:
indicates that the sending device has detected V.23 modulation
operating in the high-speed channel. As described below, this
indicator may alternate with the XCIMark indication.
V23Back:
indicates that the sending device has detected V.23 modulation
operating in the 75 bit/s back-channel.
Baud4545:
indicates that the sending device has detected Baudot modulation
operating at 45.45 bits/s.
Baud50:
indicates that the sending device has detected Baudot modulation
operating at 50 bits/s.
XCIMark:
Indicates that the sending device has detected the specific bit
pattern (0) 1111 1111(1)(0)1111 1111(1) sent at 1200 bits/s using
V.23 upper-channel modulation, following a period of V.23 main
channel "mark" (1300 Hz).
It is assumed in all cases that the event reports described here are being transmitted in addition to another media encoding, typically G.711 [19] voice-band data, reporting the same information. A natural method to do this is to combine the voice-band data with event reports in an RFC 2198 [2] redundancy payload. The handling of ANS2225 has been indicated above. Since it is a specific tone, it can be handled like any other tone event. For all of the other indicators, the sender SHOULD generate an initial event report as soon as the nature of the audio content has been recognized. For reliability, the initial event report SHOULD be retransmitted twice at short intervals. (20 ms is a suggested value, although the packetization period of the associated media may be sufficient.) The sender MAY continue to send additional reports of the same indicator event, although these have little value once the receiver has adjusted itself to the type of content it is receiving. If the nature of the content changes (e.g., because it is coming from a V.18 terminal in the probing stage), the sender MUST send an event report for the new content type as soon as it is recognized. If the sender has been sending updates for the previous indicator, it SHOULD report the end of that previous indicator event along with the beginning of the new one.2.7.1.1. Handling of Congestion
In the face of packet loss or delay, it is appropriate for the receiver to continue to play out the ANS2225 event until further packets are received. For the other events, the issue is loss of the initial event report rather than maintenance of playout continuity. The advice on retransmission of these other events already given above is sufficient to deal with packet loss or delay due to congestion.2.7.2. Use of Events with V.18 Modems
ITU-T Recommendation V.18 [11] defines a terminal for text conversation, possibly in combination with voice. V.18 is intended to interoperate with a variety of legacy text terminals, so its start-up sequence can consist of a series of stimuli designed to determine what is at the other end. Two V.18 terminals talking to each other will use V.8 to negotiate startup and continue at the physical level with V.21 at 300 bits/s carrying 7-bit characters bounded by start and stop bits.
The V.18 terminal is also designed to interoperate with the text modems listed in the previous sub-section. The startup sequences for all these different terminal types are naturally quite different. The V.18 initial startup sequence specifically addresses itself to V.8-capable terminals and V.21 terminals and, by the combination of signals, to V.23 videotex terminals. During the initial startup sequence, the V.18 terminal listens for frequency responses characterizing the other terminal types. If it does not make contact in the preliminary step, it probes for each type specifically. By the nature of the application, V.18 has been designed to provide an extremely robust startup capability. The handling of the V.18 XCI signal is a specific case of the procedures described in the previous section. XCI is a signal transmitted in high-band V.23 modulation to stimulate V.23 terminals to respond and to allow detection of V.18 capabilities in a DCE. The 3-second XCI signal uses the V.23 upper channel having periods of "mark" (i.e., 1300 Hz) alternating with the XCIMark pattern. The full definition is found in V.18, Section 3.13. The sender SHOULD indicate V23Main during the transmission of the "mark" portion of XCI, and change the indication to XCIMark when that pattern is detected.2.8. A Generic Indicator
Numerous proprietary modem protocols exist, as well as standardized protocols not identified above. Table 8 defines a single indicator event that may be used to identify modem content when a more specific event is unavailable. Typically, this would be sent in combination with another payload type, for example, voice-band data as specified by ITU-T Recommendation V.152 [33]. As with the indicators in the previous section, the sender SHOULD generate an initial event report as soon as the nature of the audio content has been recognized. For reliability, the initial event report SHOULD be retransmitted twice at short intervals. (20 ms is a suggested value, although the packetization period of the associated media may be sufficient.) The sender MAY continue to send additional reports of the VBDGen event, although these have little value once the receiver has adjusted itself to the type of content it is receiving.
+--------+---------------+------------+-----------+-------+---------+
| Event | Bit Rate | Frequency | Event | Type | Volume? |
| | bits/s | (Hz) | Code | | |
+--------+---------------+------------+-----------+-------+---------+
| VBDGen | Variable | Variable | 61 | other | no |
+--------+---------------+------------+-----------+-------+---------+
Table 8: Generic Modem Signal Indicator
VBDGen:
indicates that the sender has detected tone patterns indicating
the operation of some form of modem. This indicator SHOULD NOT be
sent if a more specific event is available.
(page 29 continued on part 2)
