RFC 4730
A Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Event Package for Key Press Stimulus (KPML)
Network Working Group E. Burger Request for Comments: 4730 Cantata Technology, Inc. Category: Standards Track M. Dolly AT&T Labs November 2006 A Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Event Package for Key Press Stimulus (KPML) Status of This Memo This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2006).Abstract
This document describes a SIP Event Package "kpml" that enables monitoring of Dual Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF) signals and uses Extensible Markup Language (XML) documents referred to as Key Press Markup Language (KPML). The kpml Event Package may be used to support applications consistent with the principles defined in the document titled "A Framework for Application Interaction in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)". The event package uses SUBSCRIBE messages and allows for XML documents that define and describe filter specifications for capturing key presses (DTMF Tones) entered at a presentation-free User Interface SIP User Agent (UA). The event package uses NOTIFY messages and allows for XML documents to report the captured key presses (DTMF tones), consistent with the filter specifications, to an Application Server. The scope of this package is for collecting supplemental key presses or mid-call key presses (triggers).
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................4 1.1. Conventions Used in This Document ..........................5 2. Protocol Overview ...............................................5 3. Key Concepts ....................................................6 3.1. Subscription Duration ......................................6 3.2. Timers .....................................................7 3.3. Pattern Matches ............................................8 3.4. Digit Suppression .........................................12 3.5. User Input Buffer Behavior ................................14 3.6. DRegex ....................................................16 3.6.1. Overview ...........................................16 3.6.2. Operation ..........................................18 3.7. Monitoring Direction ......................................20 3.8. Multiple Simultaneous Subscriptions .......................20 4. Event Package Formal Definition ................................21 4.1. Event Package Name ........................................21 4.2. Event Package Parameters ..................................21 4.3. SUBSCRIBE Bodies ..........................................22 4.4. Subscription Duration .....................................22 4.5. NOTIFY Bodies .............................................22 4.6. Subscriber Generation of SUBSCRIBE Requests ...............22 4.7. Notifier Processing of SUBSCRIBE Requests .................23 4.8. Notifier Generation of NOTIFY Requests ....................25 4.9. Subscriber Processing of NOTIFY Requests ..................27 4.10. Handling of Forked Requests ..............................28 4.11. Rate of Notifications ....................................28 4.12. State Agents and Lists ...................................28 4.13. Behavior of a Proxy Server ...............................29 5. Formal Syntax ..................................................29 5.1. DRegex ....................................................29 5.2. KPML Request ..............................................30 5.3. KPML Response .............................................33 6. Enumeration of KPML Status Codes ...............................34 7. IANA Considerations ............................................34 7.1. SIP Event Package Registration ............................34 7.2. MIME Media Type application/kpml-request+xml ..............35 7.3. MIME Media Type application/kpml-response+xml .............35 7.4. URN Sub-Namespace Registration for urn:ietf:xml:ns:kpml-request ..............................35 7.5. URN Sub-Namespace Registration for urn:ietf:xml:ns:kpml-response .............................36 7.6. KPML Request Schema Registration ..........................37 7.7. KPML Response Schema Registration .........................37 8. Security Considerations ........................................37 9. Examples .......................................................38 9.1. Monitoring for Octothorpe .................................38
9.2. Dial String Collection ....................................39
10. Call Flow Examples ............................................40
10.1. Supplemental Digits ......................................40
10.2. Multiple Applications ....................................45
11. References ....................................................52
11.1. Normative References .....................................52
11.2. Informative References ...................................53
Appendix A. Contributors .........................................54
Appendix B. Acknowledgements .....................................54
1. Introduction
This document describes a SIP Event Package "kpml" that enables monitoring of key presses and utilizes XML documents referred to as Key Press Markup Language (KPML). KPML is a markup [14] that enables presentation-free User Interfaces as described in the Application Interaction Framework [15]. The Key Press Stimulus Package is a SIP Event Notification Package [5] that uses the SUBSCRIBE and NOTIFY methods of SIP. The subscription filter and notification report bodies use the Keypad Markup Language, KPML. The "kpml" event package requires the definition of two new MIME types, two new URN sub-namespaces, and two schemas for the KPML Request and the KPML Response. The scope of this package is for collecting supplemental key presses or mid-call key presses (triggers). This capability allows an Application Server service provider to monitor (filter) for a set of DTMF patterns at a SIP User Agent located in either an end-user device or a gateway. In particular, the "kpml" event package enables "dumb phones" and "gateways" that receive signals from dumb phones to report user key- press events. Colloquially, this mechanism provides for "digit reporting" or "Dual Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF) reporting." The capability eliminates the need for "hair-pinning" (routing media into and then out of the same device) through a Media Server or duplicating all the DTMF events, when an Application Server needs to trigger mid-call service processing on DTMF digit patterns. A goal of KPML is to fit in an extremely small memory and processing footprint. The name of the XML document, KPML, reflects its legacy support role. The public switched telephony network (PSTN) accomplished signaling by transporting DTMF tones in the bearer channel (in-band signaling) from the user terminal to the local exchange. Voice-over-IP networks transport in-band signals with actual DTMF waveforms or RFC 2833 [10] packets. In RFC 2833, the signaling application inserts RFC 2833 named signal packets as well as, or instead of, generating tones in the media path. The receiving application receives the signal information in the media stream. RFC 2833 tones are ideal for conveying telephone-events point-to- point in a Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) stream, as in the context of straightforward sessions like a 2-party call or a simple, centrally mixed conference. However, there are other environments where additional or alternative requirements are needed. These other environments include protocol translation and complex call control.
An interested application could request notifications of every key press. However, many of the use cases for such signaling show that most applications are interested in only one or a few keystrokes. Thus a mechanism is needed for specifying to the user's interface what stimuli the application requires.1.1. Conventions Used in This Document
RFC 2119 [1] provides the interpretations for the key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" found in this document. The Application Interaction Framework document [15] provides the interpretations for the terms "User Device", "SIP Application", and "User Input". This document uses the term "Application" and "Requesting Application" interchangeably with "SIP Application". Additionally, the Application Interaction Framework document discusses User Device Proxies. A common instantiation of a User Device Proxy is a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) gateway. Because the normative behavior of a presentation-free User Interface is identical for a presentation-free SIP User Agent and a presentation-free User Device Proxy, this document uses "User Device" for both cases.2. Protocol Overview
The "kpml" event package uses explicit subscription notification requests using the SIP SUBSCRIBE and NOTIFY methods. An Application that wants to collect digits creates an application/kpml-request+xml document with the digit patterns of interest to the Application and places this document in its SUBSCRIBE request. SIP SUBSCRIBE messages are routed to the User Interface using standard SIP request routing. KPML Subscriptions do not fork. The KPML request contained in the SUBSCRIBE message identifies the target media stream by referencing the dialog identifiers corresponding to the session responsible for the media stream. Once a subscription is established, the User Interface sends application/kpml-response+xml documents in NOTIFY requests when digits are collected or when timeouts or errors occur. A KPML subscription can be persistent or one-shot. Persistent requests are active until the subscription terminates, the Application replaces the request, the Application deletes the request by sending a null document on the dialog, or the Application explicitly deletes the subscription by sending a SUBSCRIBE with an expires value of zero (0).
One-shot requests terminate the subscription upon the receipt of DTMF values that provide a match. The "persist" KPML element specifies whether the subscription remains active for the duration specified in the SUBSCRIBE message or if it automatically terminates upon a pattern match. NOTIFY messages can contain XML documents. If the User Interface matches a digitmap, the NOTIFY message (response) contains an XML document that indicates the User Input detected and whether the User Interface suppressed the representation of User Input, such as tones, or RFC 2833, from the media streams. If the User Interface encountered an error condition, such as a timeout, this will also be reported.3. Key Concepts
3.1. Subscription Duration
KPML recognizes two types of subscriptions: one-shot and persistent. Persistent subscriptions have two sub-types: continuous notify and single-notify. One-shot subscriptions terminate after a pattern match occurs and a report is issued in a NOTIFY message. If the User Interface detects a key press stimulus that triggers a one-shot KPML event, then the User Interface (notifier) MUST set the "Subscription-State" in the NOTIFY message to "terminated". At this point, the User Interface MUST consider the subscription expired. Persistent subscriptions remain active at the User Interface, even after a match. For continuous-notify persistent subscriptions, the User Interface will emit a NOTIFY message whenever the User Input matches a subscribed pattern. For single-notify persistent subscriptions, the user device will emit a NOTIFY message at the first match, but will not emit further NOTIFY messages until the Application issues a new subscription request on the subscription dialog. NOTE: The single-notify persistent subscription enables lock-step (race-free) quarantining of User Input between different digit maps. The "persist" attribute to the <pattern> tag in the KPML subscription body affects the lifetime of the subscription. If the "persist" attribute is "one-shot", then once there is a match (or no match is possible), the subscription ends after the User Interface notifies the Application.
If the "persist" attribute is "persist" or "single-notify", then the subscription ends when the Application explicitly ends it or the User Interface terminates the subscription. If the User Interface does not support persistent subscriptions, it returns a NOTIFY message with the KPML status code set to 531. If there are digits in the buffer and the digits match an expression in the SUBSCRIBE filter, the User Interface prepares the appropriate NOTIFY response message. The values of the "persist" attribute are case sensitive.3.2. Timers
To address the various key press collection scenarios, three timers are defined. They are the extra, critical, and inter-digit timers. o The inter-digit timer is the maximum time to wait between digits. Note: unlike Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP) [11] or H.248 [12], there is no start timer, as that concept does not apply in the KPML context. o The critical timer is the time to wait for another digit if the collected digits can match more than one potential pattern. o The extra timer is the time to wait for another digit if the collected digits can only match one potential pattern, but a longer match for this pattern is possible. The User Interface MAY support an inter-digit timeout value. This is the amount of time the User Interface will wait for User Input before returning a timeout error result on a partially matched pattern. The application can specify the inter-digit timeout as an integer number of milliseconds by using the "interdigittimer" attribute to the <pattern> tag. The default is 4000 milliseconds. If the User Interface does not support the specification of an inter-digit timeout, the User Interface MUST silently ignore the specification. If the User Interface supports the specification of an inter-digit timeout, but not to the granularity specified by the value presented, the User Interface MUST round up the requested value to the closest value it can support. The purpose of the inter-digit timeout is to protect applications from starting to match a pattern, yet never returning a result. This can occur, for example, if the user accidentally enters a key that begins to match a pattern. However, since the user accidentally entered the key, the rest of the pattern never comes. Moreover, when the user does enter a pattern, since they have already entered a key,
the pattern may not match or may not match as expected. Likewise, consider the case where the user thinks they entered a key press, but the User Interface does not detect the key. This could occur when collecting ten digits, but the device actually only receives 9. In this case, the User Interface will wait forever for the tenth key press, while the user becomes frustrated wondering why the application is not responding. The User Interface MAY support a critical-digit timeout value. This is the amount of time the User Interface will wait for another key press when it already has a matched <regex> but there is another, longer <regex> that may also match the pattern. The application can specify the critical-digit timeout as an integer number of milliseconds by using the "criticaldigittimer" attribute to the <pattern> tag. The default is 1000 milliseconds. The purpose of the critical-digit timeout is to allow the application to collect longer matches than the shortest presented. This is unlike MGCP [11], where the shortest match gets returned. For example, if the application registers for the patterns "0011", "011", "00", and "0", the critical-digit timeout enables the User Interface to distinguish between "0", "00", "011", and "0011". Without this feature, the only value that the User Interface can detect is "0". The User Interface MAY support an extra-digit timeout value. This is the amount of time the User Interface will wait for another key press when it already has matched the longest <regex>. The application can specify the extra-digit timeout as an integer number of milliseconds by using the "extradigittimer" attribute to the <pattern> tag. The default is 500 milliseconds. If there is no enterkey specified, then the User Interface MAY default the exteradigittimer to zero. The purpose of the extra-digit timeout is to allow the User Interface to collect the enterkey. Without this feature, the User Interface would match the pattern, and the enterkey would be buffered and returned as the next pattern.3.3. Pattern Matches
During the subscription lifetime, the User Interface may detect a key press stimulus that triggers a KPML event. In this case, the User Interface (notifier) MUST return the appropriate KPML document. The pattern matching logic works as follows. KPML User Interfaces MUST follow the logic presented in this section so that different implementations will perform deterministically on the same KPML document given the same User Input.
A kpml request document contains a <pattern> element with a series of <regex> tags. Each <regex> element specifies a potential pattern for the User Interface to match. The Section 5.1 describes the DRegex, or digit regular expression, language. The pattern match algorithm matches the longest regular expression. This is the same mode as H.248.1 [12] and not the mode presented by MGCP [11]. The pattern match algorithm choice has an impact on determining when a pattern matches. Consider the following KPML document. <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <kpml-request xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:kpml-request" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation= "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:kpml-request kpml-request.xsd" version="1.0"> <pattern> <regex>0</regex> <regex>011</regex> </pattern> </kpml-request> Figure 1: Greedy Matching In Figure 1, if we were to match on the first found pattern, the string "011" would never match. This happens because the "0" rule would match first. While this behavior is what most applications desire, it does come at a cost. Consider the following KPML document snippet. <regex>x{7}</regex> <regex>x{10}</regex> Figure 2: Timeout Matching Figure 2 shows a typical North American dial plan. From an application perspective, users expect a seven-digit number to respond quickly, not waiting the typical inter-digit critical timer (usually four seconds). Conversely, the user does not want the system to cut off their ten-digit number at seven digits because they did not enter the number fast enough. One approach to this problem is to have an explicit dial string terminator. Often, it is the pound key (#). Now, consider the following snippet.
<regex>x{7}#</regex> <regex>x{10}#</regex> Figure 3: Timeout Matching with Enter The problem with the approach in Figure 3 is that the "#" will appear in the returned dial string. Moreover, one often wants to allow the user to enter the string without the dial string termination key. In addition, using explicit matching on the key means one has to double the number of patterns, e.g., "x{7}", "x{7}#", "x{10}", and "x{10}#". The approach used in KPML is to have an explicit "Enter Key", as shown in the following snippet. <pattern enterkey="#"> <regex>x{7}</regex> <regex>x{10}</regex> </pattern> Figure 4: Timeout Matching with Enter Key In Figure 4, the enterkey attribute to the <pattern> tag specifies a string that terminates a pattern. In this situation, if the user enters seven digits followed by the "#" key, the pattern matches (or fails) immediately. KPML indicates a terminated nomatch with a KPML status code 402. NOTE: The enterkey is a string. The enterkey can be a sequence of key presses, such as "**". Some patterns look for long-duration key presses. For example, some applications look for long "#" or long "*". KPML uses the "L" modifier to <regex> characters to indicate long key presses. The following KPML document looks for a long pound of at least 3 seconds.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<kpml-request xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:kpml-request"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation=
"urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:kpml-request kpml-request.xsd"
version="1.0">
<pattern long="3000">
<regex>L#</regex>
</pattern>
</kpml-request>
Long Pound
The request can specify what constitutes "long" by setting the long
attribute to the <pattern>. This attribute is an integer
representing the number of milliseconds. If the user presses a key
for longer than "long" milliseconds, the Long modifier is true. The
default length of the long attribute is 2500 milliseconds.
User Interfaces MUST distinguish between long and short input when
the KPML document specifies both in a document. However, if there is
not a corresponding long key press pattern in a document, the User
Interface MUST match the key press pattern irrespective of the length
of time the user presses the key.
As an example, in the following snippet in Figure 6, the User
Interface discriminates between a long "*" and a normal "*", but any
length "#" will match the pattern.
<pattern>
<regex tag="short_star">*</regex>
<regex tag="long_star">L*</regex>
<regex>#</regex>
</pattern>
Figure 6: Long and Short Matching
Some User Interfaces are unable to present long key presses. An
example is an old private branch exchange (PBX) phone set that emits
fixed-length tones when the user presses a key. To address this
issue, the User Interface MAY interpret a succession of presses of a
single key to be equivalent to a long key press of the same key. The
Application indicates it wants this behavior by setting the
"longrepeat" attribute to the <pattern> to "true".
The KPML document specifies if the patterns are to be persistent by
setting the "persist" attribute to the <pattern> tag to "persist" or
"single-notify". Any other value, including "one-shot", indicates
the request is a one-shot subscription. If the User Interface does
not support persistent subscriptions, it returns a KPML document with
the KPML status code set to 531. If there are digits in the buffer
and the digits match an expression in the KPML document, the User
Interface emits the appropriate kpml notification.
Note the values of the "persist" attribute are case sensitive.
Some User Interfaces may support multiple regular expressions in a
given pattern request. In this situation, the application may wish
to know which pattern triggered the event.
KPML provides a "tag" attribute to the <regex> tag. The "tag" is an
opaque string that the User Interface sends back in the notification
report upon a match in the digit map. In the case of multiple
matches, the User Interface MUST choose the longest match in the KPML
document. If multiple matches match the same length, the User
Interface MUST choose the first expression listed in the subscription
KPML document based on KPML document order.
If the User Interface cannot support multiple regular expressions in
a pattern request, the User Interface MUST return a KPML document
with the KPML status code set to 532. If the User Interface cannot
support the number of regular expressions in the pattern request, the
User Interface MUST return a KPML document with the KPML status code
set to 534.
NOTE: We could mandate a minimum number of regular expressions
that a User Interface must support per subscription request and
globally. However, such minimums tend to become designed-in,
hard-coded limits. For guidance, one should be able to easily
handle tens of expressions per subscription and thousands
globally. A good implementation should have effectively no
limits. That said, to counter possible denial-of-service attacks,
implementers of User Interfaces should be aware of the 534 and 501
status codes and feel free to use them.
3.4. Digit Suppression
Under basic operation, a KPML User Interface will transmit in-band
tones (RFC 2833 [10] or actual tone) in parallel with User Input
reporting.
NOTE: If KPML did not have this behavior, then a User Interface
executing KPML could easily break called applications. For
example, take a personal assistant that uses "*9" for attention.
If the user presses the "*" key, KPML will hold the digit, looking
for the "9". What if the user just enters a "*" key, possibly
because they accessed an interactive voice response (IVR) system
that looks for "*"? In this case, the "*" would get held by the
User Interface, because it is looking for the "*9" pattern. The
user would probably press the "*" key again, hoping that the
called IVR system just did not hear the key press. At that point,
the User Interface would send both "*" entries, as "**" does not
match "*9". However, that would not have the effect the user
intended when they pressed "*".
On the other hand, there are situations where passing through tones
in-band is not desirable. Such situations include call centers that
use in-band tone spills to initiate a transfer.
For those situations, KPML adds a suppression tag, "pre", to the
<regex> tag. There MUST NOT be more than one <pre> tag in any given
<regex> tag.
If there is only a single <pattern> and a single <regex>, suppression
processing is straightforward. The end-point passes User Input until
the stream matches the regular expression <pre>. At that point, the
User Interface will continue collecting User Input, but will suppress
the generation or pass-through of any in-band User Input.
If the User Interface suppressed stimulus, it MUST indicate this by
including the attribute "suppressed" with a value of "true" in the
notification.
Clearly, if the User Interface is processing the KPML document
against buffered User Input, it is too late to suppress the
transmission of the User Input, as the User Interface has long sent
the stimulus. This is a situation where there is a <pre>
specification, but the "suppressed" attribute will not be "true" in
the notification. If there is a <pre> tag that the User Interface
matched and the User Interface is unable to suppress the User Input,
it MUST set the "suppressed" attribute to "false".
A KPML User Interface MAY perform suppression. If it is not capable
of suppression, it ignores the suppression attribute. It MUST set
the "suppressed" attribute to "false". In this case, the pattern to
match is the concatenated pattern of pre+value.
At some point in time, the User Interface will collect enough User
Input to the point it matches a <pre> pattern. The interdigittimer
attribute indicates how long to wait for the user to enter stimulus
before reporting a time-out error. If the interdigittimer expires,
the User Interface MUST issue a time-out report, transmit the
suppressed User Input on the media stream, and stop suppression.
Once the User Interface detects a match and it sends a NOTIFY request
to report the User Input, the User Interface MUST stop suppression.
Clearly, if subsequent User Input matches another <pre> expression,
then the User Interface MUST start suppression.
After suppression begins, it may become clear that a match will not
occur. For example, take the expression
<regex><pre>*8</pre>xxx[2-9]xxxxxx</regex>
At the point the User Interface receives "*8", it will stop
forwarding stimulus. Let us say that the next three digits are
"408". If the next digit is a zero or one, the pattern will not
match.
NOTE: It is critically important for the User Interface to have a
sensible inter-digit timer. This is because an errant dot (".")
may suppress digit sending forever.
Applications should be very careful to indicate suppression only when
they are fairly sure the user will enter a digit string that will
match the regular expression. In addition, applications should deal
with situations such as no-match or time-out. This is because the
User Interface will hold digits, which will have obvious User
Interface issues in the case of a failure.
3.5. User Input Buffer Behavior
User Interfaces MUST buffer User Input upon receipt of an
authenticated and accepted subscription. Subsequent KPML documents
apply their patterns against the buffered User Input. Some
applications use modal interfaces where the first few key presses
determine what the following key presses mean. For a novice user,
the application may play a prompt describing what mode the
application is in. However, "power users" often barge through the
prompt.
User Interfaces MUST NOT provide a subscriber with digits that were
detected prior to the authentication and authorization of that
subscriber. Without prohibition, a subscriber might be able to gain
access to calling card or other information that predated the
subscriber's participation in the call. Note that this prohibition
MUST be applied on a per-subscription basis.
KPML provides a <flush> tag in the <pattern> element. The default is
not to flush User Input. Flushing User Input has the effect of
ignoring key presses entered before the installation of the KPML
subscription. To flush User Input, include the tag
<flush>yes</flush> in the KPML subscription document. Note that this
directive affects only the current subscription dialog/id
combination.
Lock-step processing of User Input is where the User Interface issues
a notification, the Application processes the notification while the
User Interface buffers additional User Input, the Application
requests more User Input, and only then does the User Interface
notify the Application based on the collected User Input. To direct
the User Interface to operate in lock-step mode, set the <pattern>
attribute persist="single-notify".
The User Interface MUST be able to process <flush>no</flush>. This
directive is effectively a no-op.
Other string values for <flush> may be defined in the future. If the
User Interface receives a string it does not understand, it MUST
treat the string as a no-op.
If the user presses a key that cannot match any pattern within a
<regex> tag, the User Interface MUST discard all buffered key presses
up to and including the current key press from consideration against
the current or future KPML documents on a given dialog. However, as
described above, once there is a match, the User Interface buffers
any key presses the user entered subsequent to the match.
NOTE: This behavior allows applications to receive only User Input
that is of interest to them. For example, a pre-paid application
only wishes to monitor for a long pound. If the user enters other
stimulus, presumably for other applications, the pre-paid
application does not want notification of that User Input. This
feature is fundamentally different than the behavior of Time
Division Multiplexer (TDM)-based equipment where every application
receives every key press.
To limit reports to only complete matches, set the "nopartial"
attribute to the <pattern> tag to "true". In this case, the User
Interface attempts to match a rolling window over the collected User
input.
KPML subscriptions are independent. Thus, it is not possible for the
current document to know if a following document will enable barging
or want User Input flushed. Therefore, the User Interface MUST
buffer all User Input, subject to the forced_flush caveat described
below.
On a given SUBSCRIBE dialog with a given id, the User Interface MUST buffer all User Input detected between the time of the report and the receipt of the next document, if any. If the next document indicates a buffer flush, then the interpreter MUST flush all collected User Input from consideration from KPML documents received on that dialog with the given event id. If the next document does not indicate flushing the buffered User Input, then the interpreter MUST apply the collected User Input (if possible) against the digit maps presented by the script's <regex> tags. If there is a match, the interpreter MUST follow the procedures in Section 5.3. If there is no match, the interpreter MUST flush all of the collected User Input. Given the potential for needing an infinite buffer for User Input, the User Interface MAY discard the oldest User Input from the buffer. If the User Interface discards digits, when the User Interface issues a KPML notification, it MUST set the forced_flush attribute of the <response> tag to "true". For future use, the Application MUST consider any non-null value, other than "false", that it does not understand to be the same as "true". NOTE: The requirement to buffer all User Input for the entire length of the session is not onerous under normal operation. For example, if one has a gateway with 8,000 sessions, and the gateway buffers 50 key presses on each session, the requirement is only 400,000 bytes, assuming one byte per key press. Unless there is a suppress indicator in the digit map, it is not possible to know if the User Input is for local KPML processing or for other recipients of the media stream. Thus, in the absence of a suppression indicator, the User Interface transmits the User Input to the far end in real time, using either RFC 2833, generating the appropriate tones, or both.3.6. DRegex
3.6.1. Overview
This subsection is informative in nature. The Digit REGular EXpression (DRegex) syntax is a telephony-oriented mapping of POSIX Extended Regular Expressions (ERE) [13]. KPML does not use full POSIX ERE for the following reasons. o KPML will often run on high density or extremely low power and memory footprint devices.
o Telephony application convention uses the star symbol ("*") for
the star key and "x" for any digit 0-9. Requiring the developer
to escape the star ("\*") and expand the "x" ("[0-9]") is error
prone. This also leads DRegex to use the dot (".") to indicate
repetition, which was the function of the unadorned star in POSIX
ERE.
o Implementation experience with MGCP [11] and H.248.1 [12] has been
that implementers and users have a hard time understanding the
precedence of the alternation operator ("|"). This is due both to
an under-specification of the operator in those documents and
conceptual problems for users. Thus, the SIPPING Working Group
concluded that DRegex should not support alternation. That said,
each KPML <pattern> element may contain multiple regular
expressions (<regex> elements). Thus, it is straightforward to
have pattern alternatives (use multiple <regex> elements) without
the problems associated with the alternation operator ("|").
Thus, DRegex does not support the POSIX alternation operator.
o DRegex includes character classes (characters enclosed in square
brackets). However, the negation operator inside a character
class only operates on numbers. That is, a negation class
implicitly includes A-D, *, and #. Including A-D, *, and # in a
negation operator is a no-op. Those familiar with POSIX would
expect negation of the digits 4 and 5 (e.g., "[^45]") to include
all other characters (including A-D, R, *, and #), while those
familiar with telephony digit maps would expect negation to
implicitly exclude non-digit characters. Since the complete
character set of DRegex is very small, constructing a negation
class using A-D, R, *, and # requires the user to specify the
positive inverse mapping. For example, to specify all key
presses, including A-D and *, except #, the specification would be
"[0-9A-D*]" instead of "[^#R]".
The following table shows the mapping from DRegex to POSIX ERE.
+--------+-----------+
| DRegex | POSIX ERE |
+--------+-----------+
| * | \* |
| . | * |
| x | [0-9] |
| [xc] | [0-9c] |
+--------+-----------+
Table 1: DRegex to POSIX ERE Mapping
The first substitution, which replaces a star for an escaped star, is because telephony application designers are used to using the star for the (very common) star key. Requiring an escape sequence for this common pattern would be error prone. In addition, the usage found in DRegex is the same as found in MGCP [11] and H.248.1 [12]. Likewise, the use of the dot instead of star is common usage from MGCP and H.248.1, and reusing the star in this context would also be confusing and error prone. The "x" character is a common indicator of the digits 0 through 9. We use it here, continuing the convention. Clearly, for the case "[xc]", where c is any character, the substitution is not a blind replacement of "[0-9]" for "x", as that would result in "[[0-9]c]", which is not a legal POSIX ERE. Rather, the substitution for "[xc]" is "[0-9c]". NOTE: "x" does not include the characters *, #, R, or A through D. Users need to take care not to confuse the DRegex syntax with POSIX EREs. They are NOT identical. In particular, there are many features of POSIX EREs that DRegex does not support. As an implementation note, if one makes the substitutions described in the above table, then a standard POSIX ERE engine can parse the digit string. However, the mapping does not work in the reverse (POSIX ERE to DRegex) direction. DRegex only implements the normative behavior described below.3.6.2. Operation
White space is removed before parsing DRegex. This enables sensible pretty printing in XML without affecting the meaning of the DRegex string. The following rules demonstrate the use of DRegex in KPML.
+---------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| Entity | Matches |
+---------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| c | digits 0-9, *, #, R, and A-D (case insensitive) |
| * | the * character |
| # | the # character |
| R | The R (Register Recall) key |
| [c] | Any character in selector |
| [^d] | Any digit (0-9) not in selector |
| [r1-r2] | Any character in range from r1 to r2, inclusive |
| x | Any digit 0-9 |
| {m} | m repetitions of previous pattern |
| {m,} | m or more repetitions of previous pattern |
| {,n} | At most n (including zero) repetitions of previous |
| | pattern |
| {m,n} | At least m and at most n repetitions of previous |
| | pattern |
| Lc | Match the character c if it is "long"; c is a digit 0-9 |
| | and A-D, #, or *. |
+---------+---------------------------------------------------------+
DRegex Entities
For ranges, the A-D characters are disjoint from the 0-9 characters.
If the device does not have an "R" key, the device MAY report a hook
flash as an R character.
+--------------+--------------------------------------------+
| Example | Description |
+--------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1 | Matches the digit 1 |
| [179] | Matches 1, 7, or 9 |
| [2-9] | Matches 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 |
| [^15] | Matches 0, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9 |
| [02-46-9A-D] | Matches 0, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D |
| x | Matches 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 |
| *6[179#] | Matches *61, *67, *69, or *6# |
| x{10} | Ten digits (0-9) |
| 011x{7,15} | 011 followed by seven to fifteen digits |
| L* | Long star |
+--------------+--------------------------------------------+
DRegex Examples
3.7. Monitoring Direction
SIP identifies dialogs by their dialog identifier. The dialog identifier is the remote-tag, local-tag, and Call-ID entities defined in RFC 3261 [4]. One method of determining the dialog identifier, particularly for third-party applications, is the SIP Dialog Package [17]. For most situations, such as a monaural point-to-point call with a single codec, the stream to monitor is obvious. In such situations the Application need not specify which stream to monitor. But there may be ambiguity in specifying only the SIP dialog to monitor. The dialog may specify multiple SDP streams that could carry key press events. For example, a dialog may have multiple audio streams. Wherever possible, the User Interface MAY apply local policy to disambiguate which stream or streams to monitor. In order to have an extensible mechanism for identifying streams, the mechanism for specifying streams is as an element content to the <stream> tag. The only content defined today is the <stream>reverse</stream> tag. By default, the User Interface monitors key presses emanating from the User Interface. Given a dialog identifier of Call-ID, local-tag, and remote-tag, the User Interface monitors the key presses associated with the local-tag. In the media proxy case, and potentially other cases, there is a need to monitor the key presses arriving from the remote user agent. The optional <stream> element to the <request> tag specifies which stream to monitor. The only legal value is "reverse", which means to monitor the stream associated with the remote-tag. The User Interface MUST ignore other values. NOTE: The reason this is a tag is so individual stream selection, if needed, can be addressed in a backwards-compatible way. Further specification of the stream to monitor is the subject of future standardization.3.8. Multiple Simultaneous Subscriptions
An Application MAY register multiple User Input patterns in a single KPML subscription. If the User Interface supports multiple, simultaneous KPML subscriptions, the Application installs the subscriptions either in a new SUBSCRIBE-initiated dialog or on an existing SUBSCRIBE-initiated dialog with a new event id tag. If the User Interface does not support multiple, simultaneous KPML
subscriptions, the User Interface MUST respond with an appropriate KPML status code. Some User Interfaces may support multiple key press event notification subscriptions at the same time. In this situation, the User Interface honors each subscription individually and independently. A SIP user agent may request multiple subscriptions on the same SUBSCRIBE dialog, using the id parameter to the kpml event request. One or more SIP user agents may request independent subscriptions on different SIP dialogs, although reusing the same dialog for multiple subscriptions is NOT RECOMMENDED. If the User Interface does not support multiple, simultaneous subscriptions, the User Interface MUST return a KPML document with the KPML status code set to 533 on the dialog that requested the second subscription. The User Interface MUST NOT modify the state of the first subscription on account of the second subscription attempt.
(page 21 continued on part 2)
