RFC 4712
Transport Mappings for Real-time Application Quality-of-Service Monitoring (RAQMON) Protocol Data Unit (PDU)
2.3. SNMP Notifications as an RDS/RRC Network Transport Protocol
It was an inherent objective of the RAQMON Framework to re-use existing application-level transport protocols to maximize the usage of existing installations as well as to avoid transport-protocol- level complexities in the design process. Choice of SNMP as a means to transport RAQMON PDU was motivated by the intent of using existing installed devices implementing SNMP agents as RAQMON Data Sources (RDSs). There are some potential problems with the usage of SNMP as a transport mapping protocol: o The potential of congestion is higher than with the TCP transport, because of the usage of UDP at the transport layer. o The encoding of the information is less efficient, and this results in bigger message size, which again may negatively impact congestion conditions and memory size requirements in the devices. In order to avoid these potential problems, the following recommendations are made: o Usage of the TCP transport is RECOMMENDED in deployment over the SNMP transport wherever available for a pair of RDS/RRC. o The usage of Inform PDUs is RECOMMENDED. o The usage of Traps PDU is NOT RECOMMENDED. o It is RECOMMENDED that information carried by notifications be maintained within the limits of the MTU size in order to avoid fragmentation. If SNMP is chosen as a mechanism to transport RAQMON PDUs, the following specification applies to RAQMON-related usage of SNMP:
o RDSs implement the capability of embedding RAQMON parameters in
SNMP Notifications, re-using well-known SNMP mechanisms to report
RAQMON Statistics. The RAQMON RDS MIB module, as specified in
2.1.1, MUST be used in order to map the RAQMON PDUs onto the SNMP
Notifications transport.
o Since RDSs are not computationally rich, and in order to keep the
RDS realization as lightweight as possible, RDSs MAY fail to
respond to SNMP requests like GET, SET, etc., with the exception
of the GET and SET commands required to implement the User-Based
Security Model (USM) defined by [RFC3414].
o In order to meet congestion safety requirements, SNMP INFORM PDUs
SHOULD be used. In case INFORM PDUs are used, RDSs MUST process
the SNMP INFORM responses from RRCs and MUST serialize the PDU
transmission rate, i.e., limit the number of PDUS sent in a
specific time interval.
o Standard UDP port 162 SHOULD be used for SNMP Notifications.
2.3.1. Encoding RAQMON Using the RAQMON RDS MIB Module
The RAQMON RDS MIB module is used to map RAQMON PDUs onto SNMP
Notifications for transport purposes. The MIB module defines the
objects needed for mapping the BASIC part of RAQMON PDU, defined in
[RFC4710], as well as the Notifications themselves. In order to
incorporate any application-specific extensions in the Application
(APP) part of RAQMON PDU, as defined in [RFC4710], additional
variable bindings MAY be included in RAQMON notifications as
described in the MIB module.
For a detailed overview of the documents that describe the current
Internet-Standard Management Framework, please refer to section 7 of
[RFC3410].
Managed objects are accessed via a virtual information store, termed
the Management Information Base or MIB. MIB objects are generally
accessed through the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP).
Objects in the MIB are defined using the mechanisms defined in the
Structure of Management Information (SMI). This memo specifies a MIB
module that is compliant to the SMIv2, which is described in STD 58,
[RFC2578], STD 58, [RFC2579] and STD 58, [RFC2580].
The following MIB module IMPORTS definitions from the following:
SNMPv2-SMI [RFC2578]
SNMPv2-TC [RFC2579]
SNMPv2-CONF [RFC2580]
RMON-MIB [RFC2819]
DIFFSERV-DSCP-TC [RFC3289]
SNMP-FRAMEWORK-MIB [RFC3411]
INET-ADDRESS-MIB [RFC4001]
It also uses REFERENCE clauses to refer to [RFC4710].
RAQMON-RDS-MIB DEFINITIONS ::= BEGIN
IMPORTS
MODULE-IDENTITY, OBJECT-TYPE, NOTIFICATION-TYPE,
Counter32, Unsigned32
FROM SNMPv2-SMI
DateAndTime
FROM SNMPv2-TC
rmon
FROM RMON-MIB
SnmpAdminString
FROM SNMP-FRAMEWORK-MIB
InetAddressType, InetAddress, InetPortNumber
FROM INET-ADDRESS-MIB
Dscp
FROM DIFFSERV-DSCP-TC
MODULE-COMPLIANCE, OBJECT-GROUP, NOTIFICATION-GROUP
FROM SNMPv2-CONF;
raqmonDsMIB MODULE-IDENTITY
LAST-UPDATED "200610100000Z" -- October 10, 2006
ORGANIZATION "RMON Working Group"
CONTACT-INFO
"WG EMail: rmonmib@ietf.org
Subscribe: rmonmib-request@ietf.org
MIB Editor:
Eugene Golovinsky
Postal: BMC Software, Inc.
2101 CityWest Boulevard,
Houston, TX, 77094
USA
Tel: +713-918-1816
Email: egolovin@bmc.com
"
DESCRIPTION
"This is the RAQMON Data Source notification MIB Module.
It provides a mapping of RAQMON PDUs to SNMP
notifications.
Ds stands for data source.
Note that all of the object types defined in this module
are accessible-for-notify and would consequently not be
available to a browser using simple Get, GetNext, or
GetBulk requests.
Copyright (c) The Internet Society (2006).
This version of this MIB module is part of RFC 4712;
See the RFC itself for full legal notices."
REVISION "200610100000Z" -- October 10, 2006
DESCRIPTION
"Initial version, published as RFC 4712."
::= { rmon 32 }
-- This OID allocation conforms to [RFC3737]
raqmonDsNotifications OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { raqmonDsMIB 0 }
raqmonDsMIBObjects OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { raqmonDsMIB 1 }
raqmonDsConformance OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { raqmonDsMIB 2 }
raqmonDsNotificationTable OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF RaqmonDsNotificationEntry
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"This conceptual table provides the SNMP mapping of
the RAQMON BASIC PDU. It is indexed by the RAQMON
Data Source, sub-session, and address of the peer
entity.
Note that there is no concern about the indexation of
this table exceeding the limits defined by RFC 2578
Section 3.5. According to [RFC4710], Section 5.1,
only IPv4 and IPv6 addresses can be reported as
participant addresses."
::= { raqmonDsMIBObjects 1 }
raqmonDsNotificationEntry OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX RaqmonDsNotificationEntry
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The entry (row) is not retrievable and is not kept by
RDSs. It serves data organization purposes only."
INDEX { raqmonDsDSRC, raqmonDsRCN, raqmonDsPeerAddrType,
raqmonDsPeerAddr }
::= { raqmonDsNotificationTable 1 }
RaqmonDsNotificationEntry ::= SEQUENCE {
raqmonDsDSRC Unsigned32,
raqmonDsRCN Unsigned32,
raqmonDsPeerAddrType InetAddressType,
raqmonDsPeerAddr InetAddress,
raqmonDsAppName SnmpAdminString,
raqmonDsDataSourceDevicePort InetPortNumber,
raqmonDsReceiverDevicePort InetPortNumber,
raqmonDsSessionSetupDateTime DateAndTime,
raqmonDsSessionSetupDelay Unsigned32,
raqmonDsSessionDuration Unsigned32,
raqmonDsSessionSetupStatus SnmpAdminString,
raqmonDsRoundTripEndToEndNetDelay Unsigned32,
raqmonDsOneWayEndToEndNetDelay Unsigned32,
raqmonDsApplicationDelay Unsigned32,
raqmonDsInterArrivalJitter Unsigned32,
raqmonDsIPPacketDelayVariation Unsigned32,
raqmonDsTotalPacketsReceived Counter32,
raqmonDsTotalPacketsSent Counter32,
raqmonDsTotalOctetsReceived Counter32,
raqmonDsTotalOctetsSent Counter32,
raqmonDsCumulativePacketLoss Counter32,
raqmonDsPacketLossFraction Unsigned32,
raqmonDsCumulativeDiscards Counter32,
raqmonDsDiscardsFraction Unsigned32,
raqmonDsSourcePayloadType Unsigned32,
raqmonDsReceiverPayloadType Unsigned32,
raqmonDsSourceLayer2Priority Unsigned32,
raqmonDsSourceDscp Dscp,
raqmonDsDestinationLayer2Priority Unsigned32,
raqmonDsDestinationDscp Dscp,
raqmonDsCpuUtilization Unsigned32,
raqmonDsMemoryUtilization Unsigned32 }
raqmonDsDSRC OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Unsigned32
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"Data Source identifier represents a unique session
descriptor that points to a specific session
between communicating entities. Identifiers unique for
sessions conducted between two entities are
generated by the communicating entities. Zero is a
valid value, with no special semantics."
::= { raqmonDsNotificationEntry 1 }
raqmonDsRCN OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Unsigned32 (0..15)
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The Record Count Number indicates a sub-session
within a communication session. A maximum number of 16
sub-sessions are supported; this limitation is
dictated by reasons of compatibility with other
transport protocols."
::= { raqmonDsNotificationEntry 2 }
raqmonDsPeerAddrType OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX InetAddressType
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The type of the Internet address of the peer participant
for this session."
REFERENCE
"Section 5.2 of [RFC4710]"
::= { raqmonDsNotificationEntry 3 }
raqmonDsPeerAddr OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX InetAddress
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The Internet Address of the peer participant for this
session."
REFERENCE
"Section 5.2 of [RFC4710]"
::= { raqmonDsNotificationEntry 4 }
raqmonDsAppName OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX SnmpAdminString
MAX-ACCESS accessible-for-notify
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"This is a text string giving the name and possibly the
version of the application associated with that session,
e.g., 'XYZ VoIP Agent 1.2'."
REFERENCE
"Section 5.28 of [RFC4710]"
::= { raqmonDsNotificationEntry 5 }
raqmonDsDataSourceDevicePort OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX InetPortNumber
MAX-ACCESS accessible-for-notify
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The port number from which data for this session was sent
by the Data Source device."
REFERENCE
"Section 5.5 of [RFC4710]"
::= { raqmonDsNotificationEntry 6 }
raqmonDsReceiverDevicePort OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX InetPortNumber
MAX-ACCESS accessible-for-notify
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The port number where the data for this session was
received."
REFERENCE
"Section 5.6 of [RFC4710]"
::= { raqmonDsNotificationEntry 7 }
raqmonDsSessionSetupDateTime OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX DateAndTime
MAX-ACCESS accessible-for-notify
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The time when session was initiated."
REFERENCE
"Section 5.7 of [RFC4710]"
::= { raqmonDsNotificationEntry 8 }
raqmonDsSessionSetupDelay OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Unsigned32 (0..65535)
UNITS "milliseconds"
MAX-ACCESS accessible-for-notify
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"Session setup time."
REFERENCE
"Section 5.8 of [RFC4710]"
::= { raqmonDsNotificationEntry 9 }
raqmonDsSessionDuration OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Unsigned32
UNITS "seconds"
MAX-ACCESS accessible-for-notify
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"Session duration, including setup time. The SYNTAX of
this object allows expression of the duration of sessions
that do not exceed 4660 hours and 20 minutes."
REFERENCE
"Section 5.9 of [RFC4710]"
::= { raqmonDsNotificationEntry 10 }
raqmonDsSessionSetupStatus OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX SnmpAdminString
MAX-ACCESS accessible-for-notify
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"Describes appropriate communication session states, e.g.,
Call Established successfully, RSVP reservation
failed, etc."
REFERENCE
"Section 5.10 of [RFC4710]"
::= { raqmonDsNotificationEntry 11 }
raqmonDsRoundTripEndToEndNetDelay OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Unsigned32
UNITS "milliseconds"
MAX-ACCESS accessible-for-notify
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"Most recent available information about the
round-trip end-to-end network delay."
REFERENCE
"Section 5.11 of [RFC4710]"
::= { raqmonDsNotificationEntry 12}
raqmonDsOneWayEndToEndNetDelay OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Unsigned32
UNITS "milliseconds"
MAX-ACCESS accessible-for-notify
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"Most recent available information about the
one-way end-to-end network delay."
REFERENCE
"Section 5.12 of [RFC4710]"
::= { raqmonDsNotificationEntry 13}
raqmonDsApplicationDelay OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Unsigned32 (0..65535)
UNITS "milliseconds"
MAX-ACCESS accessible-for-notify
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"Most recent available information about the
application delay."
REFERENCE
"Section 5.13 of [RFC4710"
::= { raqmonDsNotificationEntry 14}
raqmonDsInterArrivalJitter OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Unsigned32 (0..65535)
UNITS "milliseconds"
MAX-ACCESS accessible-for-notify
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"An estimate of the inter-arrival jitter."
REFERENCE
"Section 5.14 of [RFC4710]"
::= { raqmonDsNotificationEntry 15}
raqmonDsIPPacketDelayVariation OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Unsigned32 (0..65535)
UNITS "milliseconds"
MAX-ACCESS accessible-for-notify
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"An estimate of the inter-arrival delay variation."
REFERENCE
"Section 5.15 of [RFC4710]"
::= { raqmonDsNotificationEntry 16}
raqmonDsTotalPacketsReceived OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Counter32
UNITS "packets"
MAX-ACCESS accessible-for-notify
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The number of packets transmitted within a communication
session by the receiver since the start of the session."
REFERENCE
"Section 5.16 of [RFC4710]"
::= { raqmonDsNotificationEntry 17 }
raqmonDsTotalPacketsSent OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Counter32
UNITS "packets"
MAX-ACCESS accessible-for-notify
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The number of packets transmitted within a communication
session by the sender since the start of the session."
REFERENCE
"Section 5.17 of [RFC4710]"
::= { raqmonDsNotificationEntry 18 }
raqmonDsTotalOctetsReceived OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Counter32
UNITS "octets"
MAX-ACCESS accessible-for-notify
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The total number of payload octets (i.e., not including
header or padding octets) transmitted in packets by the
receiver within a communication session since the start
of the session."
REFERENCE
"Section 5.18 of [RFC4710]"
::= { raqmonDsNotificationEntry 19 }
raqmonDsTotalOctetsSent OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Counter32
UNITS "octets"
MAX-ACCESS accessible-for-notify
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The number of payload octets (i.e., not including headers
or padding) transmitted in packets by the sender within
a communication sub-session since the start of the
session."
REFERENCE
"Section 5.19 of [RFC4710]"
::= { raqmonDsNotificationEntry 20 }
raqmonDsCumulativePacketLoss OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Counter32
UNITS "packets"
MAX-ACCESS accessible-for-notify
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The number of packets from this session whose loss
had been detected since the start of the session."
REFERENCE
"Section 5.20 of [RFC4710]"
::= { raqmonDsNotificationEntry 21 }
raqmonDsPacketLossFraction OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Unsigned32 (0..100)
UNITS "percentage of packets sent"
MAX-ACCESS accessible-for-notify
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The percentage of lost packets with respect to the
overall packets sent. This is defined to be 100 times
the number of packets lost divided by the number of
packets expected."
REFERENCE
"Section 5.21 of [RFC4710]"
::= { raqmonDsNotificationEntry 22 }
raqmonDsCumulativeDiscards OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Counter32
UNITS "packets"
MAX-ACCESS accessible-for-notify
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The number of packet discards detected since the
start of the session."
REFERENCE
"Section 5.22 of [RFC4710]"
::= { raqmonDsNotificationEntry 23 }
raqmonDsDiscardsFraction OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Unsigned32 (0..100)
UNITS "percentage of packets sent"
MAX-ACCESS accessible-for-notify
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The percentage of discards with respect to the overall
packets sent. This is defined to be 100 times the number
of discards divided by the number of packets expected."
REFERENCE
"Section 5.23 of [RFC4710]"
::= { raqmonDsNotificationEntry 24 }
raqmonDsSourcePayloadType OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Unsigned32 (0..127)
MAX-ACCESS accessible-for-notify
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The payload type of the packet sent by this RDS."
REFERENCE
"RFC 1890, Section 5.24 of [RFC4710] "
::= { raqmonDsNotificationEntry 25 }
raqmonDsReceiverPayloadType OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Unsigned32 (0..127)
MAX-ACCESS accessible-for-notify
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The payload type of the packet received by this RDS."
REFERENCE
"RFC 1890, Section 5.25 of [RFC4710] "
::= { raqmonDsNotificationEntry 26 }
raqmonDsSourceLayer2Priority OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Unsigned32 (0..7)
MAX-ACCESS accessible-for-notify
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"Source Layer 2 priority used by the data source to send
packets to the receiver by this data source during this
communication session."
REFERENCE
"Section 5.26 of [RFC4710]"
::= { raqmonDsNotificationEntry 27 }
raqmonDsSourceDscp OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Dscp
MAX-ACCESS accessible-for-notify
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"Layer 3 TOS/DSCP values used by the Data Source to
prioritize traffic sent."
REFERENCE
"Section 5.27 of [RFC4710]"
::= { raqmonDsNotificationEntry 28 }
raqmonDsDestinationLayer2Priority OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Unsigned32 (0..7)
MAX-ACCESS accessible-for-notify
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"Destination Layer 2 priority. This is the priority used
by the peer communicating entity to send packets to the
data source."
REFERENCE
"Section 5.28 of [RFC4710]"
::= { raqmonDsNotificationEntry 29 }
raqmonDsDestinationDscp OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Dscp
MAX-ACCESS accessible-for-notify
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"Layer 3 TOS/DSCP values used by the
peer communicating entity to prioritize traffic
sent to the source."
REFERENCE
"Section 5.29 of [RFC4710]"
::= { raqmonDsNotificationEntry 30 }
raqmonDsCpuUtilization OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Unsigned32 (0..100)
UNITS "percent"
MAX-ACCESS accessible-for-notify
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"Latest available information about the total CPU
utilization."
REFERENCE
"Section 5.30 of [RFC4710]"
::= { raqmonDsNotificationEntry 31 }
raqmonDsMemoryUtilization OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Unsigned32 (0..100)
UNITS "percent"
MAX-ACCESS accessible-for-notify
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"Latest available information about the total memory
utilization."
REFERENCE
"Section 5.31 of [RFC4710]"
::= { raqmonDsNotificationEntry 32 }
-- definitions of the notifications
--
-- raqmonDsAppName is the only object that MUST be sent by an
-- RDS every time the static notification is generated.
-- raqmonDsTotalPacketsReceived is the only object that MUST be
-- sent by an RD every time the dynamic notification is generated.
-- Other objects from the raqmonDsNotificationTable may be
-- included in the variable binding list. Specifically, a raqmon
-- notification will include MIB objects that provide information
-- about metrics that characterize the application session
raqmonDsStaticNotification NOTIFICATION-TYPE
OBJECTS { raqmonDsAppName }
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"This notification maps the static parameters in the
BASIC RAQMON PDU onto an SNMP transport.
This notification is expected to be sent once per
session, or when a new sub-session is initiated.
The following objects MAY be carried by the
raqmonDsStaticNotification:
raqmonDsDataSourceDevicePort,
raqmonDsReceiverDevicePort,
raqmonDsSessionSetupDateTime,
raqmonDsSessionSetupDelay,
raqmonDsSessionDuration,
raqmonDsSourcePayloadType,
raqmonDsReceiverPayloadType,
raqmonDsSourceLayer2Priority,
raqmonDsSourceDscp,
raqmonDsDestinationLayer2Priority,
raqmonDsDestinationDscp
It is RECOMMENDED to keep the size of a notification
within the MTU size limits in order to avoid
fragmentation."
::= { raqmonDsNotifications 1 }
raqmonDsDynamicNotification NOTIFICATION-TYPE
OBJECTS { raqmonDsTotalPacketsReceived }
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"This notification maps the dynamic parameters in the
BASIC RAQMON PDU onto an SNMP transport.
The following objects MAY be carried by the
raqmonDsDynamicNotification:
raqmonDsRoundTripEndToEndNetDelay,
raqmonDsOneWayEndToEndNetDelay,
raqmonDsApplicationDelay,
raqmonDsInterArrivalJitter,
raqmonDsIPPacketDelayVariation,
raqmonDsTotalPacketsSent,
raqmonDsTotalOctetsReceived,
raqmonDsTotalOctetsSent,
raqmonDsCumulativePacketLoss,
raqmonDsPacketLossFraction,
raqmonDsCumulativeDiscards,
raqmonDsDiscardsFraction,
raqmonDsCpuUtilization,
raqmonDsMemoryUtilization
It is RECOMMENDED to keep the size of a notification
within the MTU size limits in order to avoid
fragmentation."
::= { raqmonDsNotifications 2 }
raqmonDsByeNotification NOTIFICATION-TYPE
OBJECTS { raqmonDsAppName }
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The BYE Notification. This Notification is the
equivalent of the RAQMON NULL PDU, which signals the
end of a RAQMON session."
::= { raqmonDsNotifications 3 }
--
-- conformance information
raqmonDsCompliance OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::=
{ raqmonDsConformance 1 }
raqmonDsGroups OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { raqmonDsConformance 2 }
raqmonDsBasicCompliance MODULE-COMPLIANCE
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The compliance statement for SNMP entities that
implement this MIB module.
There are a number of INDEX objects that cannot be
represented in the form of OBJECT clauses in SMIv2, but
for which we have the following compliance requirements,
expressed in OBJECT clause form in this description
clause:
-- OBJECT raqmonDsPeerAddrType
-- SYNTAX InetAddressType { ipv4(1), ipv6(2) }
-- DESCRIPTION
-- This MIB requires support for only global IPv4
-- and IPv6 address types.
--
-- OBJECT raqmonDsPeerAddr
-- SYNTAX InetAddress (SIZE(4|16))
-- DESCRIPTION
-- This MIB requires support for only global IPv4
-- and IPv6 address types.
--
"
MODULE -- this module
MANDATORY-GROUPS { raqmonDsNotificationGroup,
raqmonDsPayloadGroup }
::= { raqmonDsCompliance 1 }
raqmonDsNotificationGroup NOTIFICATION-GROUP
NOTIFICATIONS { raqmonDsStaticNotification,
raqmonDsDynamicNotification,
raqmonDsByeNotification }
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"Standard RAQMON Data Source Notification group."
::= { raqmonDsGroups 1 }
raqmonDsPayloadGroup OBJECT-GROUP
OBJECTS { raqmonDsAppName,
raqmonDsDataSourceDevicePort,
raqmonDsReceiverDevicePort,
raqmonDsSessionSetupDateTime,
raqmonDsSessionSetupDelay,
raqmonDsSessionDuration,
raqmonDsSessionSetupStatus,
raqmonDsRoundTripEndToEndNetDelay,
raqmonDsOneWayEndToEndNetDelay,
raqmonDsApplicationDelay,
raqmonDsInterArrivalJitter,
raqmonDsIPPacketDelayVariation,
raqmonDsTotalPacketsReceived,
raqmonDsTotalPacketsSent,
raqmonDsTotalOctetsReceived,
raqmonDsTotalOctetsSent,
raqmonDsCumulativePacketLoss,
raqmonDsPacketLossFraction,
raqmonDsCumulativeDiscards,
raqmonDsDiscardsFraction,
raqmonDsSourcePayloadType,
raqmonDsReceiverPayloadType,
raqmonDsSourceLayer2Priority,
raqmonDsSourceDscp,
raqmonDsDestinationLayer2Priority,
raqmonDsDestinationDscp,
raqmonDsCpuUtilization,
raqmonDsMemoryUtilization }
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"Standard RAQMON Data Source payload MIB objects group."
::= { raqmonDsGroups 2 }
END
3. IANA Considerations
Applications using the RAQMON Framework require a single fixed port.
Port number 7744 is registered with IANA for use as the default port
for RAQMON PDUs over TCP. Hosts that run multiple applications may
use this port as an indication to have used RAQMON or provision a
separate TCP port as part of provisioning RAQMON RDS and RAQMON
Collector.
The particular port number was chosen to lie in the range above 5000
to accommodate port number allocation practice within the Unix
operating system, where privileged processes can only use port
numbers below 1024 and port numbers between 1024 and 5000 are
automatically assigned by the operating systems.
The OID assignment for the raqmonDsMIB MODULE-IDENTITY is made
according to [RFC3737], and there is no need for any IANA action on
this respect.
4. Congestion-Safe RAQMON Operation
As outlined in earlier sections, the TCP congestion control mechanism
provides inherent congestion safety features when TCP is implemented
as transport to carry RAQMON PDU.
To ensure congestion safety, clearly the best thing to do is to use a
congestion-safe transport protocol such as TCP. If this is not
feasible, it may be necessary to fall back to UDP since SNMP over UDP
is a widely deployed transport protocol.
When SNMP is chosen as RAQMON PDU Transport, implementers MUST follow
section 3 of [RFC4710], which outlines measures that MUST be taken to
use RAQMON in a congestion-safe manner. Congestion safety
requirements in section 3 of [RFC4710] would ensure that a RAQMON implementation using SNMP over UDP does not lead to congestion under heavy network load.5. Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Bill Walker and Joseph Mastroguilio from Avaya and Bin Hu from Motorola for their discussions. The authors would also like to extend special thanks to Randy Presuhn, who reviewed this document for spelling and formatting purposes, and who provided a deep review of the technical content. We also would like to thank Bert Wijnen for the permanent coaching during the evolution of this document and the detailed review of its final versions. The Security Considerations section was reviewed by Sam Hartman and Kurt D. Zeilenga and almost completely re-written by Mahalingam Mani.6. Security Considerations
[RFC4710] outlines a threat model associated with RAQMON and security considerations to be taken into account in the RAQMON specification to mitigate against those threats. It is imperative that RAQMON PDU implementations be able to provide the following protection mechanisms in order to attain end-to-end security: 1. Authentication: The RRC SHOULD be able to verify that a RAQMON report was originated by the RDS claiming to have sent it. At minimum, an RDS/RRC pair MUST use a digest-based authentication procedure to authenticate, like the one defined in [RFC1321]. 2. Privacy: RAQMON information includes identification of the parties participating in a communication session. RAQMON deployments SHOULD be able to provide protection from eavesdropping, and to prevent an unauthorized third party from gathering potentially sensitive information. This can be achieved by using secure transport protocols supporting confidentiality based on encryption technologies such as DES (Data Encryption Standard), [3DES], and AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) [AES]. 3. Protection from DoS attacks directed at the RRC: RDSs send RAQMON reports as a side effect of external events (for example, receipt of a phone call). An attacker can try to overwhelm the RRC (or the network) by initiating a large number of events in order to swamp the RRC with excessive numbers of RAQMON PDUs.
To prevent DoS attacks against the RRC, the RDS will send the
first report for a session only after the session has been
established, so that the session set-up process is not affected.
4. NAT and Firewall Friendly Design: The presence of IP addresses
and TCP/UDP port information in RAQMON PDUs may be NAT-
unfriendly. Where NAT-friendliness is a requirement, the RDS MAY
omit IP address information from the RAQMON PDU. Another way to
avoid this problem is by using NAT-Aware Application Layer
Gateways (ALGs) to ensure that correct IP addresses appear in
RAQMON PDUs.
For the usage of TCP, TLS MUST be used to provide transport layer
security. Section 6.1 describes the usage of TLS with RAQMON.
This memo also defines the RAQMON-RDS-MIB module with the purpose of
mapping the RAQMON PDUs into SNMP Notifications. To attain end-to-
end security, the following measures have been taken in the RAQMON-
RDS-MIB module design:
There are no management objects defined in this MIB module that have
a MAX-ACCESS clause of read-write and/or read-create. Consequently,
if this MIB module is implemented correctly, there is no risk that an
intruder can alter or create any management objects of this MIB
module via direct SNMP SET operations.
Some of the readable objects in this MIB module (i.e., objects with a
MAX-ACCESS other than not-accessible) may be considered sensitive or
vulnerable in some network environments. It is thus important to
control even GET and/or NOTIFY access to these objects and possibly
to even encrypt the values of these objects when sending them over
the network via SNMP. These are the tables and objects and their
sensitivity/vulnerability:
raqmonDsNotificationTable
The objects in this table contain user session information, and their
disclosure may be sensitive in some environments.
SNMP versions prior to SNMPv3 did not include adequate security.
Even if the network itself is secure (for example by using IPsec),
even then, there is no control as to who on the secure network is
allowed to access and GET/SET (read/change/create/delete) the objects
in this MIB module.
It is RECOMMENDED that implementers consider the security features as provided by the SNMPv3 framework (see [RFC3410], section 8), including full support for the SNMPv3 cryptographic mechanisms (for authentication and confidentiality). It is a customer/operator responsibility to ensure that the SNMP entity giving access to an instance of this MIB module is properly configured to give access to the objects only to those principals (users) that have legitimate rights to indeed GET or SET (change/create/delete) them.6.1. Usage of TLS with RAQMON
6.1.1. Confidentiality & Message Integrity
The subsequently authorized RAQMON data flow itself is protected by the same TLS security association that protects the client-side exchange. This standard TLS channel is now bound to the server through the above client-side authentication. The session itself is identified by the tuple {RDS ip-address:RDS_port / RRC ip-address: RRC port}.6.1.2. TLS CipherSuites
Several issues should be considered when selecting TLS ciphersuites that are appropriate for use in a given circumstance. These issues include the following: The ciphersuite's ability to provide adequate confidentiality protection for passwords and other data sent over the transport connection. Client and server implementers should recognize that some TLS ciphersuites provide no confidentiality protection, while other ciphersuites that do provide confidentiality protection may be vulnerable to being cracked using brute force methods, especially in light of ever-increasing CPU speeds that reduce the time needed to successfully mount such attacks. Client and server implementers should carefully consider the value of the password or data being protected versus the level of confidentiality protection provided by the ciphersuite to ensure that the level of protection afforded by the ciphersuite is appropriate. The ciphersuite's vulnerability (or lack thereof) to man-in-the- middle attacks. Ciphersuites vulnerable to man-in-the-middle attacks SHOULD NOT be used to protect passwords or sensitive data, unless the network configuration is such that the danger of a man-in-the-middle attack is negligible.
After a TLS negotiation (either initial or subsequent) is completed, both protocol peers should independently verify that the security services provided by the negotiated ciphersuite are adequate for the intended use of the RAQMON session. If not, the TLS layer should be closed. Spoofing Attacks: When anonymous TLS alone is negotiated without client authentication, the client's identity is never established. This easily allows any end-entity to establish a TLS-secured RAQMON connection to the RRC. This not only offers an opportunity to spoof legitimate RDS clients and hence compromise the integrity of RRC monitoring data, but also opens the RRC up to unauthorized clients posing as genuine RDS entities to launch a DoS by flooding data. RAQMON deployment policy MUST consider requiring RDS client authentication during TLS session establishment, especially when RDS clients communicate across unprotected internet. Insider attacks: Even client-authenticated TLS connections are open to spoofing attacks by one trusted client on another. Validation of RDS source address against RDS TLS-session source address SHOULD be performed to detect such attempts.6.1.3. RAQMON Authorization State
Every RAQMON session (between RDS and RRC) has an associated authorization state. This state is comprised of numerous factors such as what (if any) authorization state has been established, how it was established, and what security services are in place. Some factors may be determined and/or affected by protocol events (e.g., StartTLS, or TLS closure), and some factors may be determined by external events (e.g., time of day or server load). While it is often convenient to view authorization state in simplistic terms (as we often do in this technical specification) such as "an anonymous state", it is noted that authorization systems in RAQMON implementations commonly involve many factors that interrelate. Authorization in RAQMON is a local matter. One of the key factors in making authorization decisions is authorization identity. The initial session establishment defined in Section 2.2 allows information to be exchanged between the client and server to establish an authorization identity for the RAQMON session. The RRC is not to allow any RDS-transactions-related traffic through for processing until the client authentication is complete, unless anonymous authentication mode is negotiated.
Upon initial establishment of the RAQMON session, the session has an anonymous authorization identity. Among other things, this implies that the client need not send a TLSStartRequired in the first PDU of the RAQMON message. The client may send any operation request prior to binding RDS to any authentication, and the RRC MUST treat it as if it had been performed after an anonymous RAQMON session start. The RDS automatically is placed in an unauthorized state upon RRC sending a TLSstart request to the RRC. It is noted that other events both internal and external to RAQMON may result in the authentication and authorization states being moved to an anonymous one. For instance, the establishment, change, or closure of data security services may result in a move to an anonymous state, or the user's credential information (e.g., certificate) may have expired. The former is an example of an event internal to RAQMON, whereas the latter is an example of an event external to RAQMON.7. References
7.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [RFC2578] McCloghrie, K., Perkins, D., Schoenwaelder, J., Case, J., Rose, M., and S. Waldbusser, "Structure of Management Information Version 2 (SMIv2)", STD 58, RFC 2578, April 1999. [RFC2579] McCloghrie, K., Perkins, D., Schoenwaelder, J., Case, J., Rose, M., and S. Waldbusser, "Textual Conventions for SMIv2", STD 58, RFC 2579, April 1999. [RFC2580] McCloghrie, K., Perkins, D., Schoenwaelder, J., Case, J., Rose, M., and S. Waldbusser, "Conformance Statements for SMIv2", STD 58, RFC 2580, April 1999. [RFC2819] Waldbusser, S., "Remote Network Monitoring Management Information Base", STD 59, RFC 2819, May 2000. [RFC3289] Baker, F., Chan, K., and A. Smith, "Management Information Base for the Differentiated Services Architecture", RFC 3289, May 2002.
[RFC3411] Harrington, D., Preshun, R., and B. Wijnen, "An Architecture for Describing Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) Management Frameworks", STD 62, RFC 3411, December 2002. [RFC4001] Daniele, M., Haberman, B., Routhier, S., and J. Schoenwalder, "Textual Conventions for Internet Network Addresses", RFC 4001, February 2005. [RFC791] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791, September 1981. [RFC793] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7, RFC 793, September 1981. [RFC4710] Siddiqui, A., Romascanu, D., and E. Golovinsky, "Real- time Application Quality-of-Service Monitoring (RAQMON)", RFC 4710, October 2006. [TLS] Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.1", RFC 4346, April 2006.7.2. Informative References
[3DES] Americation National Standards Institute, "Triple Data Encryption Algorithm Modes of Operation", ANSI X9.52-1998. [AES] Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS), "Specifications for the ADVANCED ENCRYPTION STANDARD(AES)", Publication 197, November 2001. [IEEE802.1D] "Information technology-Telecommunications and information exchange between systems--Local and metropolitan area networks-Common Specification a--Media access control (MAC) bridges:15802-3: 1998(ISO/IEC)", [ANSI/IEEE Std 802.1D Edition], 1998. [RFC1305] Mills, D., "Network Time Protocol Version 3", RFC 1305, March 1992. [RFC1321] Rivest, R., "Message Digest Algorithm MD5", RFC 1321, April 1992.
[RFC3410] Case, J., Mundy, R., Partain, D., and B. Stewart, "Introduction and Applicability Statements for Internet-Standard Management Framework", RFC 3410, December 2002. [RFC3414] Blumenthal, U. and B. Wijnen, "User-based Security Model (USM) for version 3 of the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMPv3)", RFC 3414, December 2002. [RFC3550] Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R., and V. Jacobson, "RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications", RFC 3550, July 2003. [RFC3551] Schulzrinne, H. and S. Casner, "RTP Profile for Audio and Video Conferences with Minimal Control", STD 65, RFC 3551, July 2003. [RFC3629] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646", STD 63, RFC 3629, November 2003. [RFC3737] Wijnen, B. and A. Bierman, "IANA Guidelines for the Registry of Remote Monitoring (RMON) MIB modules", RFC 3737, April 2004. [RFC4513] Harrison, R., "Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP): Authentication Methods and Security Mechanisms", RFC 4513, June 2006. [TLS-PSK] Eronen, P. and H. Tschofenig, "Pre-Shared Key Ciphersuites for Transport Layer Security (TLS)", RFC 4279, December 2005.
Appendix A. Pseudocode
The implementation notes included in Appendix are for informational purposes only and are meant to clarify the RAQMON specification. Pseudocode for RDS & RRC We provide examples of pseudocode for aspects of RDS and RRC. There may be other implementation methods that are faster in particular operating environments or have other advantages. RDS: when (session starts} { report.identifier = session.endpoints, session.starttime; report.timestamp = 0; while (session in progress) { wait interval; report.statistics = update statistics; report.curtimestamp += interval; if encryption required report_data = encrypt(report, encrypt parameters); else report_data = report; raqmon_pdu = header, report_data; send raqmon-pdu; } } RRC: listen on raqmon port when ( raqmon_pdu received ) { decrypt raqmon_pdu.data if needed if report.identifier in database if report.current_time_stamp > last update update session statistics from report.statistics else discard report }
Authors' Addresses
Anwar Siddiqui Avaya 307 Middletown Lincroft Road Lincroft, NJ 80302 USA Phone: +1 732 852-3200 EMail: anwars@avaya.com Dan Romascanu Avaya Atidim Technology Park, Bldg #3 Tel Aviv, 61131 Israel Phone: +972-3-645-8414 EMail: dromasca@avaya.com Eugene Golovinsky Alert Logic Phone: +1 713 918-1816 EMail: gene@alertlogic.net Mahfuzur Rahman Samsung Information Systems America 75 West Plumeria Drive San Jose, CA 95134 USA Phone: +1 408 544-5559 Yongbum Yong Kim Broadcom 3151 Zanker Road San Jose, CA 95134 USA Phone: +1 408 501-7800 EMail: ybkim@broadcom.com
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