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RFC 2328

OSPF Version 2

Pages: 244
Internet Standard: 54
Errata
Obsoletes:  2178
Updated by:  57096549684568607474804293559454
Part 4 of 8 – Pages 80 to 107
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Top   ToC   RFC2328 - Page 80   prevText
10.  The Neighbor Data Structure

    An OSPF router converses with its neighboring routers.  Each
    separate conversation is described by a "neighbor data structure".
    Each conversation is bound to a particular OSPF router interface,
    and is identified either by the neighboring router's OSPF Router ID
    or by its Neighbor IP address (see below).  Thus if the OSPF router
    and another router have multiple attached networks in common,
    multiple conversations ensue, each described by a unique neighbor
    data structure.  Each separate conversation is loosely referred to
    in the text as being a separate "neighbor".

    The neighbor data structure contains all information pertinent to
    the forming or formed adjacency between the two neighbors.
    (However, remember that not all neighbors become adjacent.)  An
    adjacency can be viewed as a highly developed conversation between
    two routers.


    State
        The functional level of the neighbor conversation.  This is
        described in more detail in Section 10.1.

    Inactivity Timer
        A single shot timer whose firing indicates that no Hello Packet
        has been seen from this neighbor recently.  The length of the
        timer is RouterDeadInterval seconds.

    Master/Slave
        When the two neighbors are exchanging databases, they form a
        master/slave relationship.  The master sends the first Database
        Description Packet, and is the only part that is allowed to
        retransmit.  The slave can only respond to the master's Database
        Description Packets.  The master/slave relationship is
        negotiated in state ExStart.
Top   ToC   RFC2328 - Page 81
    DD Sequence Number
        The DD Sequence number of the Database Description packet that
        is currently being sent to the neighbor.

    Last received Database Description packet
        The initialize(I), more (M) and master(MS) bits, Options field,
        and DD sequence number contained in the last Database
        Description packet received from the neighbor. Used to determine
        whether the next Database Description packet received from the
        neighbor is a duplicate.

    Neighbor ID
        The OSPF Router ID of the neighboring router.  The Neighbor ID
        is learned when Hello packets are received from the neighbor, or
        is configured if this is a virtual adjacency (see Section C.4).

    Neighbor Priority
        The Router Priority of the neighboring router.  Contained in the
        neighbor's Hello packets, this item is used when selecting the
        Designated Router for the attached network.

    Neighbor IP address
        The IP address of the neighboring router's interface to the
        attached network.  Used as the Destination IP address when
        protocol packets are sent as unicasts along this adjacency.
        Also used in router-LSAs as the Link ID for the attached network
        if the neighboring router is selected to be Designated Router
        (see Section 12.4.1).  The Neighbor IP address is learned when
        Hello packets are received from the neighbor.  For virtual
        links, the Neighbor IP address is learned during the routing
        table build process (see Section 15).

    Neighbor Options
        The optional OSPF capabilities supported by the neighbor.
        Learned during the Database Exchange process (see Section 10.6).
        The neighbor's optional OSPF capabilities are also listed in its
        Hello packets.  This enables received Hello Packets to be
        rejected (i.e., neighbor relationships will not even start to
        form) if there is a mismatch in certain crucial OSPF
        capabilities (see Section 10.5).  The optional OSPF capabilities
        are documented in Section 4.5.
Top   ToC   RFC2328 - Page 82
    Neighbor's Designated Router
        The neighbor's idea of the Designated Router.  If this is the
        neighbor itself, this is important in the local calculation of
        the Designated Router.  Defined only on broadcast and NBMA
        networks.

    Neighbor's Backup Designated Router
        The neighbor's idea of the Backup Designated Router.  If this is
        the neighbor itself, this is important in the local calculation
        of the Backup Designated Router.  Defined only on broadcast and
        NBMA networks.


    The next set of variables are lists of LSAs.  These lists describe
    subsets of the area link-state database.  This memo defines five
    distinct types of LSAs, all of which may be present in an area
    link-state database: router-LSAs, network-LSAs, and Type 3 and 4
    summary-LSAs (all stored in the area data structure), and AS-
    external-LSAs (stored in the global data structure).


    Link state retransmission list
        The list of LSAs that have been flooded but not acknowledged on
        this adjacency.  These will be retransmitted at intervals until
        they are acknowledged, or until the adjacency is destroyed.

    Database summary list
        The complete list of LSAs that make up the area link-state
        database, at the moment the neighbor goes into Database Exchange
        state.  This list is sent to the neighbor in Database
        Description packets.

    Link state request list
        The list of LSAs that need to be received from this neighbor in
        order to synchronize the two neighbors' link-state databases.
        This list is created as Database Description packets are
        received, and is then sent to the neighbor in Link State Request
        packets.  The list is depleted as appropriate Link State Update
        packets are received.
Top   ToC   RFC2328 - Page 83
    10.1.  Neighbor states

        The state of a neighbor (really, the state of a conversation
        being held with a neighboring router) is documented in the
        following sections.  The states are listed in order of
        progressing functionality.  For example, the inoperative state
        is listed first, followed by a list of intermediate states
        before the final, fully functional state is achieved.  The
        specification makes use of this ordering by sometimes making
        references such as "those neighbors/adjacencies in state greater
        than X".  Figures 12 and 13 show the graph of neighbor state
        changes.  The arcs of the graphs are labelled with the event
        causing the state change.  The neighbor events are documented in
        Section 10.2.

        The graph in Figure 12 shows the state changes effected by the
        Hello Protocol.  The Hello Protocol is responsible for neighbor
        acquisition and maintenance, and for ensuring two way
        communication between neighbors.

        The graph in Figure 13 shows the forming of an adjacency.  Not
        every two neighboring routers become adjacent (see Section
        10.4).  The adjacency starts to form when the neighbor is in
        state ExStart.  After the two routers discover their
        master/slave status, the state transitions to Exchange.  At this
        point the neighbor starts to be used in the flooding procedure,
        and the two neighboring routers begin synchronizing their
        databases.  When this synchronization is finished, the neighbor
        is in state Full and we say that the two routers are fully
        adjacent.  At this point the adjacency is listed in LSAs.

        For a more detailed description of neighbor state changes,
        together with the additional actions involved in each change,
        see Section 10.3.


        Down
            This is the initial state of a neighbor conversation.  It
            indicates that there has been no recent information received
            from the neighbor.  On NBMA networks, Hello packets may
            still be sent to "Down" neighbors, although at a reduced
            frequency (see Section 9.5.1).
Top   ToC   RFC2328 - Page 84
                                   +----+
                                   |Down|
                                   +----+
                                     |\
                                     | \Start
                                     |  \      +-------+
                             Hello   |   +---->|Attempt|
                            Received |         +-------+
                                     |             |
                             +----+<-+             |HelloReceived
                             |Init|<---------------+
                             +----+<--------+
                                |           |
                                |2-Way      |1-Way
                                |Received   |Received
                                |           |
              +-------+         |        +-----+
              |ExStart|<--------+------->|2-Way|
              +-------+                  +-----+

              Figure 12: Neighbor state changes (Hello Protocol)

                  In addition to the state transitions pictured,
                  Event KillNbr always forces Down State,
                  Event InactivityTimer always forces Down State,
                  Event LLDown always forces Down State
Top   ToC   RFC2328 - Page 85
                                  +-------+
                                  |ExStart|
                                  +-------+
                                    |
                     NegotiationDone|
                                    +->+--------+
                                       |Exchange|
                                    +--+--------+
                                    |
                            Exchange|
                              Done  |
                    +----+          |      +-------+
                    |Full|<---------+----->|Loading|
                    +----+<-+              +-------+
                            |  LoadingDone     |
                            +------------------+

            Figure 13: Neighbor state changes (Database Exchange)

                In addition to the state transitions pictured,
                Event SeqNumberMismatch forces ExStart state,
                Event BadLSReq forces ExStart state,
                Event 1-Way forces Init state,
                Event KillNbr always forces Down State,
                Event InactivityTimer always forces Down State,
                Event LLDown always forces Down State,
                Event AdjOK? leads to adjacency forming/breaking

        Attempt
            This state is only valid for neighbors attached to NBMA
            networks.  It indicates that no recent information has been
            received from the neighbor, but that a more concerted effort
            should be made to contact the neighbor.  This is done by
            sending the neighbor Hello packets at intervals of
            HelloInterval (see Section 9.5.1).

        Init
            In this state, an Hello packet has recently been seen from
            the neighbor.  However, bidirectional communication has not
            yet been established with the neighbor (i.e., the router
            itself did not appear in the neighbor's Hello packet).  All
Top   ToC   RFC2328 - Page 86
            neighbors in this state (or higher) are listed in the Hello
            packets sent from the associated interface.

        2-Way
            In this state, communication between the two routers is
            bidirectional.  This has been assured by the operation of
            the Hello Protocol.  This is the most advanced state short
            of beginning adjacency establishment.  The (Backup)
            Designated Router is selected from the set of neighbors in
            state 2-Way or greater.

        ExStart
            This is the first step in creating an adjacency between the
            two neighboring routers.  The goal of this step is to decide
            which router is the master, and to decide upon the initial
            DD sequence number.  Neighbor conversations in this state or
            greater are called adjacencies.

        Exchange
            In this state the router is describing its entire link state
            database by sending Database Description packets to the
            neighbor.  Each Database Description Packet has a DD
            sequence number, and is explicitly acknowledged.  Only one
            Database Description Packet is allowed outstanding at any
            one time.  In this state, Link State Request Packets may
            also be sent asking for the neighbor's more recent LSAs.
            All adjacencies in Exchange state or greater are used by the
            flooding procedure.  In fact, these adjacencies are fully
            capable of transmitting and receiving all types of OSPF
            routing protocol packets.

        Loading
            In this state, Link State Request packets are sent to the
            neighbor asking for the more recent LSAs that have been
            discovered (but not yet received) in the Exchange state.

        Full
            In this state, the neighboring routers are fully adjacent.
            These adjacencies will now appear in router-LSAs and
            network-LSAs.
Top   ToC   RFC2328 - Page 87
    10.2.  Events causing neighbor state changes

        State changes can be effected by a number of events.  These
        events are shown in the labels of the arcs in Figures 12 and 13.
        The label definitions are as follows:


        HelloReceived
            An Hello packet has been received from the neighbor.

        Start
            This is an indication that Hello Packets should now be sent
            to the neighbor at intervals of HelloInterval seconds.  This
            event is generated only for neighbors associated with NBMA
            networks.

        2-WayReceived
            Bidirectional communication has been realized between the
            two neighboring routers.  This is indicated by the router
            seeing itself in the neighbor's Hello packet.

        NegotiationDone
            The Master/Slave relationship has been negotiated, and DD
            sequence numbers have been exchanged.  This signals the
            start of the sending/receiving of Database Description
            packets.  For more information on the generation of this
            event, consult Section 10.8.

        ExchangeDone
            Both routers have successfully transmitted a full sequence
            of Database Description packets.  Each router now knows what
            parts of its link state database are out of date.  For more
            information on the generation of this event, consult Section
            10.8.

        BadLSReq
            A Link State Request has been received for an LSA not
            contained in the database.  This indicates an error in the
            Database Exchange process.

        Loading Done
            Link State Updates have been received for all out-of-date
Top   ToC   RFC2328 - Page 88
            portions of the database.  This is indicated by the Link
            state request list becoming empty after the Database
            Exchange process has completed.

        AdjOK?
            A decision must be made as to whether an adjacency should be
            established/maintained with the neighbor.  This event will
            start some adjacencies forming, and destroy others.


        The following events cause well developed neighbors to revert to
        lesser states.  Unlike the above events, these events may occur
        when the neighbor conversation is in any of a number of states.


        SeqNumberMismatch
            A Database Description packet has been received that either
            a) has an unexpected DD sequence number, b) unexpectedly has
            the Init bit set or c) has an Options field differing from
            the last Options field received in a Database Description
            packet.  Any of these conditions indicate that some error
            has occurred during adjacency establishment.

        1-Way
            An Hello packet has been received from the neighbor, in
            which the router is not mentioned.  This indicates that
            communication with the neighbor is not bidirectional.

        KillNbr
            This  is  an  indication that  all  communication  with  the
            neighbor  is now  impossible,  forcing  the  neighbor  to
            revert  to  Down  state.

        InactivityTimer
            The inactivity Timer has fired.  This means that no Hello
            packets have been seen recently from the neighbor.  The
            neighbor reverts to Down state.

        LLDown
            This is an indication from the lower level protocols that
            the neighbor is now unreachable.  For example, on an X.25
            network this could be indicated by an X.25 clear indication
Top   ToC   RFC2328 - Page 89
            with appropriate cause and diagnostic fields.  This event
            forces the neighbor into Down state.


    10.3.  The Neighbor state machine

        A detailed description of the neighbor state changes follows.
        Each state change is invoked by an event (Section 10.2).  This
        event may produce different effects, depending on the current
        state of the neighbor.  For this reason, the state machine below
        is organized by current neighbor state and received event.  Each
        entry in the state machine describes the resulting new neighbor
        state and the required set of additional actions.

        When a neighbor's state changes, it may be necessary to rerun
        the Designated Router election algorithm.  This is determined by
        whether the interface NeighborChange event is generated (see
        Section 9.2).  Also, if the Interface is in DR state (the router
        is itself Designated Router), changes in neighbor state may
        cause a new network-LSA to be originated (see Section 12.4).

        When the neighbor state machine needs to invoke the interface
        state machine, it should be done as a scheduled task (see
        Section 4.4).  This simplifies things, by ensuring that neither
        state machine will be executed recursively.


         State(s):  Down

            Event:  Start

        New state:  Attempt

           Action:  Send an Hello Packet to the neighbor (this neighbor
                    is always associated with an NBMA network) and start
                    the Inactivity Timer for the neighbor.  The timer's
                    later firing would indicate that communication with
                    the neighbor was not attained.


         State(s):  Attempt
Top   ToC   RFC2328 - Page 90
            Event:  HelloReceived

        New state:  Init

           Action:  Restart the Inactivity Timer for the neighbor, since
                    the neighbor has now been heard from.


         State(s):  Down

            Event:  HelloReceived

        New state:  Init

           Action:  Start the Inactivity Timer for the neighbor.  The
                    timer's later firing would indicate that the
                    neighbor is dead.


         State(s):  Init or greater

            Event:  HelloReceived

        New state:  No state change.

           Action:  Restart the Inactivity Timer for the neighbor, since
                    the neighbor has again been heard from.


         State(s):  Init

            Event:  2-WayReceived

        New state:  Depends upon action routine.

           Action:  Determine whether an adjacency should be established
                    with the neighbor (see Section 10.4).  If not, the
                    new neighbor state is 2-Way.

                    Otherwise (an adjacency should be established) the
                    neighbor state transitions to ExStart.  Upon
                    entering this state, the router increments the DD
Top   ToC   RFC2328 - Page 91
                    sequence number in the neighbor data structure.  If
                    this is the first time that an adjacency has been
                    attempted, the DD sequence number should be assigned
                    some unique value (like the time of day clock).  It
                    then declares itself master (sets the master/slave
                    bit to master), and starts sending Database
                    Description Packets, with the initialize (I), more
                    (M) and master (MS) bits set.  This Database
                    Description Packet should be otherwise empty.  This
                    Database Description Packet should be retransmitted
                    at intervals of RxmtInterval until the next state is
                    entered (see Section 10.8).


         State(s):  ExStart

            Event:  NegotiationDone

        New state:  Exchange

           Action:  The router must list the contents of its entire area
                    link state database in the neighbor Database summary
                    list.  The area link state database consists of the
                    router-LSAs, network-LSAs and summary-LSAs contained
                    in the area structure, along with the AS-external-
                    LSAs contained in the global structure.  AS-
                    external-LSAs are omitted from a virtual neighbor's
                    Database summary list.  AS-external-LSAs are omitted
                    from the Database summary list if the area has been
                    configured as a stub (see Section 3.6).  LSAs whose
                    age is equal to MaxAge are instead added to the
                    neighbor's Link state retransmission list.  A
                    summary of the Database summary list will be sent to
                    the neighbor in Database Description packets.  Each
                    Database Description Packet has a DD sequence
                    number, and is explicitly acknowledged.  Only one
                    Database Description Packet is allowed outstanding
                    at any one time.  For more detail on the sending and
                    receiving of Database Description packets, see
                    Sections 10.8 and 10.6.
Top   ToC   RFC2328 - Page 92
         State(s):  Exchange

            Event:  ExchangeDone

        New state:  Depends upon action routine.

           Action:  If the neighbor Link state request list is empty,
                    the new neighbor state is Full.  No other action is
                    required.  This is an adjacency's final state.

                    Otherwise, the new neighbor state is Loading.  Start
                    (or continue) sending Link State Request packets to
                    the neighbor (see Section 10.9).  These are requests
                    for the neighbor's more recent LSAs (which were
                    discovered but not yet received in the Exchange
                    state).  These LSAs are listed in the Link state
                    request list associated with the neighbor.


         State(s):  Loading

            Event:  Loading Done

        New state:  Full

           Action:  No action required.  This is an adjacency's final
                    state.


         State(s):  2-Way

            Event:  AdjOK?

        New state:  Depends upon action routine.

           Action:  Determine whether an adjacency should be formed with
                    the neighboring router (see Section 10.4).  If not,
                    the neighbor state remains at 2-Way.  Otherwise,
                    transition the neighbor state to ExStart and perform
                    the actions associated with the above state machine
                    entry for state Init and event 2-WayReceived.
Top   ToC   RFC2328 - Page 93
         State(s):  ExStart or greater

            Event:  AdjOK?

        New state:  Depends upon action routine.

           Action:  Determine whether the neighboring router should
                    still be adjacent.  If yes, there is no state change
                    and no further action is necessary.

                    Otherwise, the (possibly partially formed) adjacency
                    must be destroyed.  The neighbor state transitions
                    to 2-Way.  The Link state retransmission list,
                    Database summary list and Link state request list
                    are cleared of LSAs.


         State(s):  Exchange or greater

            Event:  SeqNumberMismatch

        New state:  ExStart

           Action:  The (possibly partially formed) adjacency is torn
                    down, and then an attempt is made at
                    reestablishment.  The neighbor state first
                    transitions to ExStart.  The Link state
                    retransmission list, Database summary list and Link
                    state request list are cleared of LSAs.  Then the
                    router increments the DD sequence number in the
                    neighbor data structure, declares itself master
                    (sets the master/slave bit to master), and starts
                    sending Database Description Packets, with the
                    initialize (I), more (M) and master (MS) bits set.
                    This Database Description Packet should be otherwise
                    empty (see Section 10.8).


         State(s):  Exchange or greater

            Event:  BadLSReq
Top   ToC   RFC2328 - Page 94
        New state:  ExStart

           Action:  The action for event BadLSReq is exactly the same as
                    for the neighbor event SeqNumberMismatch.  The
                    (possibly partially formed) adjacency is torn down,
                    and then an attempt is made at reestablishment.  For
                    more information, see the neighbor state machine
                    entry that is invoked when event SeqNumberMismatch
                    is generated in state Exchange or greater.


         State(s):  Any state

            Event:  KillNbr

        New state:  Down

           Action:  The Link state retransmission list, Database summary
                    list and Link state request list are cleared of
                    LSAs.  Also, the Inactivity Timer is disabled.


         State(s):  Any state

            Event:  LLDown

        New state:  Down

           Action:  The Link state retransmission list, Database summary
                    list and Link state request list are cleared of
                    LSAs.  Also, the Inactivity Timer is disabled.


         State(s):  Any state

            Event:  InactivityTimer

        New state:  Down

           Action:  The Link state retransmission list, Database summary
                    list and Link state request list are cleared of
                    LSAs.
Top   ToC   RFC2328 - Page 95
         State(s):  2-Way or greater

            Event:  1-WayReceived

        New state:  Init

           Action:  The Link state retransmission list, Database summary
                    list and Link state request list are cleared of
                    LSAs.


         State(s):  2-Way or greater

            Event:  2-WayReceived

        New state:  No state change.

           Action:  No action required.


         State(s):  Init

            Event:  1-WayReceived

        New state:  No state change.

           Action:  No action required.


    10.4.  Whether to become adjacent

        Adjacencies are established with some subset of the router's
        neighbors.  Routers connected by point-to-point networks,
        Point-to-MultiPoint networks and virtual links always become
        adjacent.  On broadcast and NBMA networks, all routers become
        adjacent to both the Designated Router and the Backup Designated
        Router.

        The adjacency-forming decision occurs in two places in the
        neighbor state machine.  First, when bidirectional communication
        is initially established with the neighbor, and secondly, when
        the identity of the attached network's (Backup) Designated
Top   ToC   RFC2328 - Page 96
        Router changes.  If the decision is made to not attempt an
        adjacency, the state of the neighbor communication stops at 2-
        Way.

        An adjacency should be established with a bidirectional neighbor
        when at least one of the following conditions holds:


        o   The underlying network type is point-to-point

        o   The underlying network type is Point-to-MultiPoint

        o   The underlying network type is virtual link

        o   The router itself is the Designated Router

        o   The router itself is the Backup Designated Router

        o   The neighboring router is the Designated Router

        o   The neighboring router is the Backup Designated Router


    10.5.  Receiving Hello Packets

        This section explains the detailed processing of a received
        Hello Packet.  (See Section A.3.2 for the format of Hello
        packets.)  The generic input processing of OSPF packets will
        have checked the validity of the IP header and the OSPF packet
        header.  Next, the values of the Network Mask, HelloInterval,
        and RouterDeadInterval fields in the received Hello packet must
        be checked against the values configured for the receiving
        interface.  Any mismatch causes processing to stop and the
        packet to be dropped.  In other words, the above fields are
        really describing the attached network's configuration. However,
        there is one exception to the above rule: on point-to-point
        networks and on virtual links, the Network Mask in the received
        Hello Packet should be ignored.

        The receiving interface attaches to a single OSPF area (this
        could be the backbone).  The setting of the E-bit found in the
        Hello Packet's Options field must match this area's
Top   ToC   RFC2328 - Page 97
        ExternalRoutingCapability.  If AS-external-LSAs are not flooded
        into/throughout the area (i.e, the area is a "stub") the E-bit
        must be clear in received Hello Packets, otherwise the E-bit
        must be set.  A mismatch causes processing to stop and the
        packet to be dropped.  The setting of the rest of the bits in
        the Hello Packet's Options field should be ignored.

        At this point, an attempt is made to match the source of the
        Hello Packet to one of the receiving interface's neighbors.  If
        the receiving interface connects to a broadcast, Point-to-
        MultiPoint or NBMA network the source is identified by the IP
        source address found in the Hello's IP header.  If the receiving
        interface connects to a point-to-point link or a virtual link,
        the source is identified by the Router ID found in the Hello's
        OSPF packet header.  The interface's current list of neighbors
        is contained in the interface's data structure.  If a matching
        neighbor structure cannot be found, (i.e., this is the first
        time the neighbor has been detected), one is created.  The
        initial state of a newly created neighbor is set to Down.

        When receiving an Hello Packet from a neighbor on a broadcast,
        Point-to-MultiPoint or NBMA network, set the neighbor
        structure's Neighbor ID equal to the Router ID found in the
        packet's OSPF header.  For these network types, the neighbor
        structure's Router Priority field, Neighbor's Designated Router
        field, and Neighbor's Backup Designated Router field are also
        set equal to the corresponding fields found in the received
        Hello Packet; changes in these fields should be noted for
        possible use in the steps below.  When receiving an Hello on a
        point-to-point network (but not on a virtual link) set the
        neighbor structure's Neighbor IP address to the packet's IP
        source address.

        Now the rest of the Hello Packet is examined, generating events
        to be given to the neighbor and interface state machines.  These
        state machines are specified either to be executed or scheduled
        (see Section 4.4).  For example, by specifying below that the
        neighbor state machine be executed in line, several neighbor
        state transitions may be effected by a single received Hello:
Top   ToC   RFC2328 - Page 98
        o   Each Hello Packet causes the neighbor state machine to be
            executed with the event HelloReceived.

        o   Then the list of neighbors contained in the Hello Packet is
            examined.  If the router itself appears in this list, the
            neighbor state machine should be executed with the event 2-
            WayReceived.  Otherwise, the neighbor state machine should
            be executed with the event 1-WayReceived, and the processing
            of the packet stops.

        o   Next, if a change in the neighbor's Router Priority field
            was noted, the receiving interface's state machine is
            scheduled with the event NeighborChange.

        o   If the neighbor is both declaring itself to be Designated
            Router (Hello Packet's Designated Router field = Neighbor IP
            address) and the Backup Designated Router field in the
            packet is equal to 0.0.0.0 and the receiving interface is in
            state Waiting, the receiving interface's state machine is
            scheduled with the event BackupSeen.  Otherwise, if the
            neighbor is declaring itself to be Designated Router and it
            had not previously, or the neighbor is not declaring itself
            Designated Router where it had previously, the receiving
            interface's state machine is scheduled with the event
            NeighborChange.

        o   If the neighbor is declaring itself to be Backup Designated
            Router (Hello Packet's Backup Designated Router field =
            Neighbor IP address) and the receiving interface is in state
            Waiting, the receiving interface's state machine is
            scheduled with the event BackupSeen.  Otherwise, if the
            neighbor is declaring itself to be Backup Designated Router
            and it had not previously, or the neighbor is not declaring
            itself Backup Designated Router where it had previously, the
            receiving interface's state machine is scheduled with the
            event NeighborChange.

        On NBMA networks, receipt of an Hello Packet may also cause an
        Hello Packet to be sent back to the neighbor in response. See
        Section 9.5.1 for more details.
Top   ToC   RFC2328 - Page 99
    10.6.  Receiving Database Description Packets

        This section explains the detailed processing of a received
        Database Description Packet.  The incoming Database Description
        Packet has already been associated with a neighbor and receiving
        interface by the generic input packet processing (Section 8.2).
        Whether the Database Description packet should be accepted, and
        if so, how it should be further processed depends upon the
        neighbor state.

        If a Database Description packet is accepted, the following
        packet fields should be saved in the corresponding neighbor data
        structure under "last received Database Description packet":
        the packet's initialize(I), more (M) and master(MS) bits,
        Options field, and DD sequence number. If these fields are set
        identically in two consecutive Database Description packets
        received from the neighbor, the second Database Description
        packet is considered to be a "duplicate" in the processing
        described below.

        If the Interface MTU field in the Database Description packet
        indicates an IP datagram size that is larger than the router can
        accept on the receiving interface without fragmentation, the
        Database Description packet is rejected.  Otherwise, if the
        neighbor state is:

        Down
            The packet should be rejected.

        Attempt
            The packet should be rejected.

        Init
            The neighbor state machine should be executed with the event
            2-WayReceived.  This causes an immediate state change to
            either state 2-Way or state ExStart. If the new state is
            ExStart, the processing of the current packet should then
            continue in this new state by falling through to case
            ExStart below.
Top   ToC   RFC2328 - Page 100
        2-Way
            The packet should be ignored.  Database Description Packets
            are used only for the purpose of bringing up adjacencies.[7]

        ExStart
            If the received packet matches one of the following cases,
            then the neighbor state machine should be executed with the
            event NegotiationDone (causing the state to transition to
            Exchange), the packet's Options field should be recorded in
            the neighbor structure's Neighbor Options field and the
            packet should be accepted as next in sequence and processed
            further (see below).  Otherwise, the packet should be
            ignored.

            o   The initialize(I), more (M) and master(MS) bits are set,
                the contents of the packet are empty, and the neighbor's
                Router ID is larger than the router's own.  In this case
                the router is now Slave.  Set the master/slave bit to
                slave, and set the neighbor data structure's DD sequence
                number to that specified by the master.

            o   The initialize(I) and master(MS) bits are off, the
                packet's DD sequence number equals the neighbor data
                structure's DD sequence number (indicating
                acknowledgment) and the neighbor's Router ID is smaller
                than the router's own.  In this case the router is
                Master.

        Exchange
            Duplicate Database Description packets are discarded by the
            master, and cause the slave to retransmit the last Database
            Description packet that it had sent. Otherwise (the packet
            is not a duplicate):

            o   If the state of the MS-bit is inconsistent with the
                master/slave state of the connection, generate the
                neighbor event SeqNumberMismatch and stop processing the
                packet.

            o   If the initialize(I) bit is set, generate the neighbor
                event SeqNumberMismatch and stop processing the packet.
Top   ToC   RFC2328 - Page 101
            o   If the packet's Options field indicates a different set
                of optional OSPF capabilities than were previously
                received from the neighbor (recorded in the Neighbor
                Options field of the neighbor structure), generate the
                neighbor event SeqNumberMismatch and stop processing the
                packet.

            o   Database Description packets must be processed in
                sequence, as indicated by the packets' DD sequence
                numbers. If the router is master, the next packet
                received should have DD sequence number equal to the DD
                sequence number in the neighbor data structure. If the
                router is slave, the next packet received should have DD
                sequence number equal to one more than the DD sequence
                number stored in the neighbor data structure. In either
                case, if the packet is the next in sequence it should be
                accepted and its contents processed as specified below.

            o   Else, generate the neighbor event SeqNumberMismatch and
                stop processing the packet.

        Loading or Full
            In this state, the router has sent and received an entire
            sequence of Database Description Packets.  The only packets
            received should be duplicates (see above).  In particular,
            the packet's Options field should match the set of optional
            OSPF capabilities previously indicated by the neighbor
            (stored in the neighbor structure's Neighbor Options field).
            Any other packets received, including the reception of a
            packet with the Initialize(I) bit set, should generate the
            neighbor event SeqNumberMismatch.[8] Duplicates should be
            discarded by the master.  The slave must respond to
            duplicates by repeating the last Database Description packet
            that it had sent.


        When the router accepts a received Database Description Packet
        as the next in sequence the packet contents are processed as
        follows.  For each LSA listed, the LSA's LS type is checked for
        validity.  If the LS type is unknown (e.g., not one of the LS
        types 1-5 defined by this specification), or if this is an AS-
        external-LSA (LS type = 5) and the neighbor is associated with a
Top   ToC   RFC2328 - Page 102
        stub area, generate the neighbor event SeqNumberMismatch and
        stop processing the packet.  Otherwise, the router looks up the
        LSA in its database to see whether it also has an instance of
        the LSA.  If it does not, or if the database copy is less recent
        (see Section 13.1), the LSA is put on the Link state request
        list so that it can be requested (immediately or at some later
        time) in Link State Request Packets.

        When the router accepts a received Database Description Packet
        as the next in sequence, it also performs the following actions,
        depending on whether it is master or slave:


        Master
            Increments the DD sequence number in the neighbor data
            structure.  If the router has already sent its entire
            sequence of Database Description Packets, and the just
            accepted packet has the more bit (M) set to 0, the neighbor
            event ExchangeDone is generated.  Otherwise, it should send
            a new Database Description to the slave.

        Slave
            Sets the DD sequence number in the neighbor data structure
            to the DD sequence number appearing in the received packet.
            The slave must send a Database Description Packet in reply.
            If the received packet has the more bit (M) set to 0, and
            the packet to be sent by the slave will also have the M-bit
            set to 0, the neighbor event ExchangeDone is generated.
            Note that the slave always generates this event before the
            master.


    10.7.  Receiving Link State Request Packets

        This section explains the detailed processing of received Link
        State Request packets.  Received Link State Request Packets
        specify a list of LSAs that the neighbor wishes to receive.
        Link State Request Packets should be accepted when the neighbor
        is in states Exchange, Loading, or Full.  In all other states
        Link State Request Packets should be ignored.
Top   ToC   RFC2328 - Page 103
        Each LSA specified in the Link State Request packet should be
        located in the router's database, and copied into Link State
        Update packets for transmission to the neighbor.  These LSAs
        should NOT be placed on the Link state retransmission list for
        the neighbor.  If an LSA cannot be found in the database,
        something has gone wrong with the Database Exchange process, and
        neighbor event BadLSReq should be generated.


    10.8.  Sending Database Description Packets

        This section describes how Database Description Packets are sent
        to a neighbor. The Database Description packet's Interface MTU
        field is set to the size of the largest IP datagram that can be
        sent out the sending interface, without fragmentation.  Common
        MTUs in use in the Internet can be found in Table 7-1 of
        [Ref22]. Interface MTU should be set to 0 in Database
        Description packets sent over virtual links.

        The router's optional OSPF capabilities (see Section 4.5) are
        transmitted to the neighbor in the Options field of the Database
        Description packet.  The router should maintain the same set of
        optional capabilities throughout the Database Exchange and
        flooding procedures.  If for some reason the router's optional
        capabilities change, the Database Exchange procedure should be
        restarted by reverting to neighbor state ExStart.  One optional
        capability is defined in this specification (see Sections 4.5
        and A.2). The E-bit should be set if and only if the attached
        network belongs to a non-stub area. Unrecognized bits in the
        Options field should be set to zero.

        The sending of Database Description packets depends on the
        neighbor's state.  In state ExStart the router sends empty
        Database Description packets, with the initialize (I), more (M)
        and master (MS) bits set.  These packets are retransmitted every
        RxmtInterval seconds.

        In state Exchange the Database Description Packets actually
        contain summaries of the link state information contained in the
        router's database.  Each LSA in the area's link-state database
        (at the time the neighbor transitions into Exchange state) is
        listed in the neighbor Database summary list.  Each new Database
Top   ToC   RFC2328 - Page 104
        Description Packet copies its DD sequence number from the
        neighbor data structure and then describes the current top of
        the Database summary list.  Items are removed from the Database
        summary list when the previous packet is acknowledged.

        In state Exchange, the determination of when to send a Database
        Description packet depends on whether the router is master or
        slave:


        Master
            Database Description packets are sent when either a) the
            slave acknowledges the previous Database Description packet
            by echoing the DD sequence number or b) RxmtInterval seconds
            elapse without an acknowledgment, in which case the previous
            Database Description packet is retransmitted.

        Slave
            Database Description packets are sent only in response to
            Database Description packets received from the master.  If
            the Database Description packet received from the master is
            new, a new Database Description packet is sent, otherwise
            the previous Database Description packet is resent.


        In states Loading and Full the slave must resend its last
        Database Description packet in response to duplicate Database
        Description packets received from the master.  For this reason
        the slave must wait RouterDeadInterval seconds before freeing
        the last Database Description packet.  Reception of a Database
        Description packet from the master after this interval will
        generate a SeqNumberMismatch neighbor event.


    10.9.  Sending Link State Request Packets

        In neighbor states Exchange or Loading, the Link state request
        list contains a list of those LSAs that need to be obtained from
        the neighbor.  To request these LSAs, a router sends the
        neighbor the beginning of the Link state request list, packaged
        in a Link State Request packet.
Top   ToC   RFC2328 - Page 105
        When the neighbor responds to these requests with the proper
        Link State Update packet(s), the Link state request list is
        truncated and a new Link State Request packet is sent.  This
        process continues until the Link state request list becomes
        empty. LSAs on the Link state request list that have been
        requested, but not yet received, are packaged into Link State
        Request packets for retransmission at intervals of RxmtInterval.
        There should be at most one Link State Request packet
        outstanding at any one time.

        When the Link state request list becomes empty, and the neighbor
        state is Loading (i.e., a complete sequence of Database
        Description packets has been sent to and received from the
        neighbor), the Loading Done neighbor event is generated.


    10.10.  An Example

        Figure 14 shows an example of an adjacency forming.  Routers RT1
        and RT2 are both connected to a broadcast network.  It is
        assumed that RT2 is the Designated Router for the network, and
        that RT2 has a higher Router ID than Router RT1.

        The neighbor state changes realized by each router are listed on
        the sides of the figure.

        At the beginning of Figure 14, Router RT1's interface to the
        network becomes operational.  It begins sending Hello Packets,
        although it doesn't know the identity of the Designated Router
        or of any other neighboring routers.  Router RT2 hears this
        hello (moving the neighbor to Init state), and in its next Hello
        Packet indicates that it is itself the Designated Router and
        that it has heard Hello Packets from RT1.  This in turn causes
        RT1 to go to state ExStart, as it starts to bring up the
        adjacency.

        RT1 begins by asserting itself as the master.  When it sees that
        RT2 is indeed the master (because of RT2's higher Router ID),
        RT1 transitions to slave state and adopts its neighbor's DD
        sequence number.  Database Description packets are then
        exchanged, with polls coming from the master (RT2) and responses
        from the slave (RT1).  This sequence of Database Description
Top   ToC   RFC2328 - Page 106
            +---+                                         +---+
            |RT1|                                         |RT2|
            +---+                                         +---+

            Down                                          Down
                            Hello(DR=0,seen=0)
                       ------------------------------>
                         Hello (DR=RT2,seen=RT1,...)      Init
                       <------------------------------
            ExStart        D-D (Seq=x,I,M,Master)
                       ------------------------------>
                           D-D (Seq=y,I,M,Master)         ExStart
                       <------------------------------
            Exchange       D-D (Seq=y,M,Slave)
                       ------------------------------>
                           D-D (Seq=y+1,M,Master)         Exchange
                       <------------------------------
                           D-D (Seq=y+1,M,Slave)
                       ------------------------------>
                                     ...
                                     ...
                                     ...
                           D-D (Seq=y+n, Master)
                       <------------------------------
                           D-D (Seq=y+n, Slave)
             Loading   ------------------------------>
                                 LS Request                Full
                       ------------------------------>
                                 LS Update
                       <------------------------------
                                 LS Request
                       ------------------------------>
                                 LS Update
                       <------------------------------
             Full
Top   ToC   RFC2328 - Page 107
                   Figure 14: An adjacency bring-up example





        Packets ends when both the poll and associated response has the
        M-bit off.

        In this example, it is assumed that RT2 has a completely up to
        date database.  In that case, RT2 goes immediately into Full
        state.  RT1 will go into Full state after updating the necessary
        parts of its database.  This is done by sending Link State
        Request Packets, and receiving Link State Update Packets in
        response.  Note that, while RT1 has waited until a complete set
        of Database Description Packets has been received (from RT2)
        before sending any Link State Request Packets, this need not be
        the case.  RT1 could have interleaved the sending of Link State
        Request Packets with the reception of Database Description
        Packets.




(page 107 continued on part 5)

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